ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of enuresis in children aged 5-13 years old in Jinshan District, Shanghai, and analyze the relevant pathogenic factors, so as to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of enuresis in children and related psychological diseases. Methods Using the medical history collection table (CMT checklist) of ICCS (International Association for Urinary Control of Children) as a guidance, a random cluster sampling was performed on 1 000 preschool and school-age children from 9 representative schools with a relatively concentrated population in Jinshan District. Results Excluding the missing and invalid questionnaires, a total of 785 cases were included in the study, and the total prevalence of enulists in 5-13 children was 7.77% (61 cases), among which 42 cases were 5-7 years old (68.85%), 12 cases were 8-10 years old (19.67%), and 7 cases were 11-13 years old (11.48%). There were statistically significant differences among the age groups (χ2=52.87，P=0.001)). Among the affected children, 3.31% (26 cases) were in urban areas and 4.46% (35 cases) in rural areas (P<0.05). The prevalence of boys (38 cases) and the prevalence of girls (23 cases) were statistically significant (P<0.05). The characteristics of enuresis, organic diseases, and attention were analyzed in 61 children diagnosed with enuresis. Children with enuresis ≥7 times/week were the highest (33 cases), accounting for 54.10%; children with 3-6times/week (19 cases) accounted for 31.15%; 2 times/week (9 cases) accounted for 14.75%. Physical examination abnormalities (including urinary routine abnormalities: urinary tract infection, hematuria, high urinary calcium or phimosis) were found in 18 cases, accounting for 29.51%. Four patients (6.56%) had a family history of enuresis. Fifty-two (85.25%) of the affected children had psychologically related problems: introverted personality, impulsiveness, inferiority, lack of concentration, medium or inferior academic performance. Conclusion The prevalence of enuresis in 5-13 children was 7.77%. There were significant differences between urban and rural areas, different age groups and genders as well. Most sick children developed organic diseases and some degree of psychological problems. A timely diagnosis and treatment of enuresis in children in combination with psychological guidance and behavioral intervention is necessary for the prevention of the occurrence of enuresis related psychological problems.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the changes of levels of exhaled nitric oxide and the clinical signifi -cance in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia ( MPP).Methods From June 2014 to March 2017,95 children with MPP and 64 children with bronchial pneumonia in Jinshan Branch of The Sixth People ＇s Hospital of Shanghai were collected,32 healthy children were enrolled as controls.According to the imaging examination,patients with MPP were further grouped into lobar pneumonia group,bronchopneumonia group and interstitial pneumonia group.FeNO and lung function were measured in all children.Results The level of FeNO in the MPP group was (7.25 ±3.41) ppb,which was lower than that in the non -MPP group and control group [(11.24 ±3.52) ppb,(10.51 ±4.23)ppb](t＝5.82,5.77,all P＜0.01).The level of FeNO between the non -MPP group and control group had no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05).The FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25%-75% of the MPP group[(66.23 ±13.21),(84.62 ±6.73),(58.65.±19.43)]were lower than those of the control group and non -MPP group[(91.81 ±11.36),(93.80 ±8.91),(86.80 ±20.71);(85.43 ±10.32),(90.18 ±11.35),(74.73 ± 17.91)](t＝4.35,3.62,4.78;4.56,7.12,5.06,all P＜0.01).The FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25%-75% of the non-MPP group[(85.43 ±10.32),(90.18 ±11.35),(74.73 ±17.91)]were lower than those of the control group [(91.81 ±11.36),(93.80 ±8.91),(86.80 ±20.71)] ( t＝2.12,3.05,2.53,all P＜0.05).The level of FeNO among the lobar pneumonia group,bronchopneumonia group and interstitial pneumonia group had no statistically significant difference ( all P ＞0.05 ).In the MPP group,the FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25% -75% were not associated with FeNO level(r＝-0.15,P＞0.05;r＝-0.06,P＞0.05;r＝0.07,P＞0.05).Conclusion The level of FeNO in children with MPP is lower,and the level of FeNO is not significantly correlated with the parameters of lung function,and FeNO can be used as an inflammatory marker to evaluate the correlation between MP infection and airway inflammation.