Spatio-temporal analysis of the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Araçatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Araçatuba with regard to time and space and to identify high risk areas. METHODS: We included all human visceral leishmaniasis autochthonous cases reported between 1999 and 2015. The incidence rates were calculated by sex, age, and year. The human visceral leishmaniasis cases were geocoded and grouped by urban census tracts, enabling the calculation of the incidence and mortality rates by census tracts. For the identification of high risk areas, we utilized the scan statistics and univariate Ripley's K-function. RESULTS: The incidence presented a cyclic pattern in 1999-2009, with peaks in 2002 and 2007 (30.1 and 19.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitant-years, respectively). In 2010-2015, the incidence remained relatively stable with about 2.0 cases per 100,000 inhabitant-years. The scan statistics detected two spatial clusters of high risk and three spatio-temporal clusters of high risk that lasted from 2001 to 2008. A spatial autocorrelation was observed in the human visceral leishmaniasis case point distribution in 1999-2009. No spatio-temporal clusters and no spatial autocorrelation in the case point pattern were identified in 2010-2015. CONCLUSION: We identified a changing pattern of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in Araçatuba: the first period (1999-2009) showed a cyclic pattern, clusters, and presence of spatial dependence in the case point distribution; the second period (2010-2015) showed the lowest rates of all historical series, stable incidence, and cases with a random distribution pattern.

Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis andhuman and canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis and evaluation of their expansion in the Northwest region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION This paper aims to describe the dispersion of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the autochthonous occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Northwest region of the State of São Paulo between 2007 and 2013 and to analyze their expansion. METHODS Information about the vector and associated cases was described using maps. The incidence, mortality, and lethality of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) were calculated. In municipalities in which more than one HVL case occurred, incidences were calculated according to census sector, and spatial and spatiotemporal clusters were identified. RESULTS The first case of HVL was reported in the municipality of Jales in 2007. By 2013, the vector and the disease had expanded from west to east, with the vector being detected in 29 municipalities. A total of 11 municipalities had cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and six had cases of HVL. Vector expansion occurred by vicinity with previously infested municipalities, and the expansion of VL was related to the major highways and the capital municipalities of the micro-regions in the study area. The highest incidence of HVL occurred in children between 0-4 years old, and the highest mortality and lethality occurred among persons aged 60 and older. The occurrence of HLV was more intense in the peripheral areas of municipalities with the disease. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study may be useful for improving VL surveillance and control activities by slowing VL expansion and/or mitigating VL effects when they occur.

Visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: spatial and space-time analysis / Leishmaniose visceral no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: análise espacial e espaço-temporal

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To perform both space and space-time evaluations of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS The population considered in the study comprised autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis and deaths resulting from it in Sao Paulo, between 1999 and 2013. The analysis considered the western region of the state as its studied area. Thematic maps were created to show visceral leishmaniasis dissemination in humans in the municipality. Spatial analysis tools Kernel and Kernel ratio were used to respectively obtain the distribution of cases and deaths and the distribution of incidence and mortality. Scan statistics were used in order to identify spatial and space-time clusters of cases and deaths. RESULTS The visceral leishmaniasis cases in humans, during the studied period, were observed to occur in the western portion of Sao Paulo, and their territorial extension mainly followed the eastbound course of the Marechal Rondon highway. The incidences were characterized as two sequences of concentric ellipses of decreasing intensities. The first and more intense one was found to have its epicenter in the municipality of Castilho (where the Marechal Rondon highway crosses the border of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul) and the second one in Bauru. Mortality was found to have a similar behavior to incidence. The spatial and space-time clusters of cases were observed to coincide with the two areas of highest incidence. Both the space-time clusters identified, even without coinciding in time, were started three years after the human cases were detected and had the same duration, that is, six years. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in Sao Paulo has been taking place in an eastbound direction, focusing on the role of highways, especially Marechal Rondon, in this process. The space-time analysis detected the disease occurred in cycles, in different spaces and time periods. These meetings, if considered, may contribute to the adoption of actions that aim to prevent the disease from spreading throughout the whole territory of São Paulo or to at least reducing its expansion speed.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar, no espaço e espaço-tempo, a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral em humanos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS Considerou-se como população de estudo os casos autóctones e óbitos por leishmaniose visceral em humanos ocorridos em São Paulo entre 1999 e 2013 e, como área de estudo, a região oeste do estado. Construíram-se mapas temáticos que mostraram a disseminação da leishmaniose visceral em humanos nos municípios. Ferramentas de análise espacial Kernel e razão Kernel foram utilizadas para obter, respectivamente, a distribuição dos casos e óbitos e a distribuição da incidência e mortalidade. Utilizaram-se estatísticas de varredura para identificar aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de casos e óbitos. RESULTADOS Os casos de leishmaniose visceral em humanos, no período de estudo, ocorreram na parte ocidental de São Paulo e sua expansão territorial seguiu principalmente o curso da rodovia Marechal Rondon, no sentido oeste-leste. As incidências foram caracterizadas como duas sequências de elipses concêntricas com intensidade decrescente. A primeira, com maior intensidade, teve epicentro no município de Castilho (cruzamento da rodovia Marechal Rondon com a divisa com o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul) e a segunda, em Bauru. A mortalidade apresentou comportamento similar ao da incidência. Os aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de casos coincidiram com as duas áreas de maiores incidências. Ambos os aglomerados espaço-temporais identificados, mesmo sem coincidirem temporalmente, tiveram início após três anos da detecção dos casos humanos e tiveram a mesma duração, seis anos. CONCLUSÕES A expansão da leishmaniose visceral em São Paulo vem ocorrendo no sentido oeste-leste, com destaque ao papel das rodovias, especialmente a Marechal Rondon, neste processo. A análise espaço-temporal detectou, em diferentes espaços e períodos de tempo, ciclicidade na ocorrência da doença. Esses encontros, se considerados, podem colaborar para a adoção de ações que visem a evitar que a doença se espalhe por todo o território paulista ou, no mínimo, diminuir sua velocidade de expansão.

A difícil interface controle de vetores - atenção básica: inserção dos agentes de controle de vetores da dengue junto às equipes de saúde das unidades básicas no município de São José do Rio Preto, SP / The difficult interface between vector control and primary care: insertion of dengue fever vector control agents into health teams at the primary health centers in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

Este estudo analisa o processo de inserção dos agentes de controle de vetores nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) em São José do Rio Preto-SP, designados agentes de saúde (AS), com o objetivo de melhorar a eficácia do programa de controle da dengue. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, baseado na observação direta e no registro das falas dos participantes de fóruns promovidos pela Secretária de Saúde do município com esses profissionais. Realizou-se a análise de conteúdo desses registros, identificando-se cinco categorias: inserção social; integralidade da atenção; intersetorialidade; valorização dos AS; e educação permanente. Os profissionais expressaram a necessidade dos fóruns de discussão serem permanentes; as dificuldades para realizar ações intersetoriais; e o sentimento de valorização profissional por participar das equipes das UBS e por colaborar com a participação comunitária. O estudo possibilitou compreender como ocorreu a inserção dos AS na atenção básica do município e a complexidade do controle da dengue nesse nível de atenção, que envolve questões socioambientais e ações intersetoriais. O estudo revelou as diversas possibilidades de atuação dos AS e a pertinência da sua inserção na atenção básica...

This study analyzes the insertion process of vector control agents into the primary health centers (PHCs) in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, designated health workers (HWs), in order to improve the effectiveness of the dengue fever control program. This is a case study, based on direct observation and recording of participants’ speeches in forums held by the municipal Secretary of Health with these professionals. These records underwent content analysis, and five categories were identified: social insertion; comprehensiveness of care; intersectoriality; appreciation of HW; and continuing education. The professionals expressed the need for permanent discussion forums; the difficulties to take intersectoral actions; and the feeling of professional appreciation for participating in teams from PHCs and collaborating to community participation. The study allowed us to understand how the insertion of HWs took place in municipal primary care and the complexity of dengue fever control, at this level of care, which involves socio-environmental issues and intersectoral action. The study revealed the various possibilities of action for HWs and the relevance of their insertion into primary care...

Temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of the occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the City of Birigui, State of São Paulo, from 1999 to 2012

Introduction In 1999, Birigui and Araçatuba were the first municipalities in the State of São Paulo to present autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis in humans (VLH). The aim of this study was to describe the temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal behaviors of VLH in Birigui. Methods Secondary data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 1999 to 2012. The incidence, mortality and case fatality rates by sex and age were calculated. The cases of VLH were geocoded and grouped according to census tracts. Local empirical Bayesian incidence rates were calculated. The existence of spatial and spatiotemporal clusters was investigated using SaTScan software. Results There were 156 confirmed cases of autochthonous VLH. The incidence rate was higher in the 0-4-year-old children, and the mortality and case fatality rates were higher in people aged 60 years and older. The peaks of incidence occurred in 2006 and 2011. The Bayesian rates identified the presence of VLH in all of the census tracts in the municipality; however, spatial and spatiotemporal clusters were found in the central area of the municipality. Conclusions Birigui, located in the Araçatuba region, has recently experienced increasing numbers of VLH cases; this increase is contrary to the behavior observed over the entire region, which has shown a decreasing trend in the number of VLH cases. The observations that the highest incidence is in children 0-4 years old and the highest mortality is in people 60 years and older are in agreement with the expected patterns of VLH. .

Introducao e expansao da Leishmaniose visceral americana em humanos no estado de Sao Paulo, 1999-2011 / Introduccion y expansion de la Leishmaniosis visceral americana en humanos en el estado de Sao Paulo, 1999-2011. / Introduction and expansion of human American visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1999-2011

OBJETIVO : Analisar a expansão da ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral americana em humanos e identificar localidades prioritárias para o desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância e controle. MÉTODOS : A área de estudo constituiu-se dos 316 municípios do estado de São Paulo pertencentes às cinco regiões de saúde com ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral americana em humanos, utilizando os casos autóctones e óbitos, com ano de notificação e município de ocorrência. Calcularam-se taxas de incidência e de mortalidade e letalidade por município, por região e para a área de estudo. Utilizaram-se o estimador bayesiano empírico para obtenção de taxas de incidência e de mortalidade bayesianas locais para cada município e a krigagem para visualização da distribuição espacial das temperaturas e das precipitações pluviométricas. RESULTADOS : Foram detectados 73 municípios com transmissão da doença. As primeiras ocorrências deram-se em áreas com maiores temperaturas e menores pluviosidades, mas sua disseminação também ocorreu em áreas menos quentes e mais úmidas. A expansão da leishmaniose visceral americana em humanos apresentou um eixo principal de disseminação no sentido noroeste para sudeste, acompanhando a rodovia Marechal Rondon e o gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil, e um eixo secundário, na direção norte-sul, acompanhando a malha rodoviária. As taxas de incidência, segundo regiões de saúde, apresentaram um pico seguido de queda, com exceção da região de São José do Rio Preto. Observou-se maior concentração de municípios com altas taxas de incidência e mortalidade nas regiões de saúde de Araçatuba, Presidente ...

OBJETIVO Analizar la expansión de la ocurrencia de leishmaniosis visceral americana en humanos en el estado de Sao Paulo e identificar municipios prioritarios para el desarrollo de acciones de vigilancia y control. MÉTODOS El área de estudio estaba conformada por 316 municipios del estado pertenecientes a cinco regiones de salud con ocurrencia de la enfermedad, utilizando los casos autóctonos y óbitos de leishmaniosis visceral americana en humanos, con año de notificación y municipio de ocurrencia. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y de mortalidad y letalidad por municipio, por región y para el área de estudio. Se utilizaron el estimador bayesiano empírico para la obtención de tasas de incidencia y de mortalidad bayesianas locales para cada municipio y la krigagem para visualización de la distribución espacial de las temperaturas y de las precipitaciones pluviométricas. RESULTADOS Se detectaron 73 municipios con transmisión de la enfermedad. Las primeras ocurrencias se presentaron en áreas con mayores temperaturas y menores pluviosidades, sin embargo su diseminación también ocurrió en áreas menos calientes y más húmedas. La expansión de la leishmaniosis visceral americana en humanas presentó un eje principal de diseminación en el sentido noroeste hacia sureste, acompañando la carretera Marechal Rondon y el gasoducto Bolivia-Brasil, y un eje secundario, en la dirección norte-sur, acompañando la red vial. Las tasas de incidencia, según regiones de salud, presentaron un pico seguido por una disminución, con excepción de la región Sao José do Rio Preto. Se observó mayor concentración de municipios con altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en las regiones de salud de Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente y Marília. CONCLUSIONES Posibles factores determinantes ...

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the spread of human American visceral leishmaniasis and identify the key municipalities for developing surveillance and control activities. METHODS : The area of the study was composed of the 316 municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo belonging to the five health districts in which human American visceral leishmaniasis occurs, using data on autochthonous cases and deaths according to the reporting year and municipality in which the death occurred. The incidence, mortality and case fatality rates for each municipality and for the entire area were calculated. An empirical Bayes estimator was used to calculate the local Bayesian incidence and rates of mortality per municipality, and Kriging was used to visualize the spatial distribution of temperature and rainfall. RESULTS : A total of 73 municipalities with transmission of the disease were identified. Human American visceral leishmaniasis was first detected in areas with higher temperatures and lower rainfall, but it also spread in cooler and wetter areas. The expansion of human American visceral leishmaniasis occurred along a main axis of dissemination, from Northwest to Southeast, following the Marechal Rondon highway and the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline, and along a secondary axis that was derived from the main axis, which runs both North and South, following the highway network. Rates of incidence according to health district exhibit a peak, followed by a fall, except the Sao Jose do Rio Preto region. Higher concentrations of municipalities with high incidence and mortality rates were observed in the Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente and Marília health districts. CONCLUSIONS : This study indicates possible determinants of the spread of disease, including the Marechal Rondon highway and the construction of the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline. Climatic factors seemed to play no role in the spread. The use of spatial analysis techniques allowed the ...

Presença de culicídeos em município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo e risco de ocorrência de febre do Nilo Ocidental e outras arboviroses / The presence of Culicidae species in medium-sized cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil and the risk of West Nile fever and other arbovirus infection

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a diversidade de espécies de culicídeos, descrever sua abundância e variação sazonal em áreas urbanas e matas de São José do Rio Preto, SP, e discutir o risco de ocorrência de arboviroses. MÉTODOS: Coletas de larvas e de mosquitos adultos foram realizadas mensalmente, em 2006 e 2007, em área urbana e em quatro fragmentos de mata. No perímetro urbano, coletaram-se larvas nos sítios mais prováveis de oviposição para mosquitos do gênero Culex e nas matas foi realizada a coleta de mosquitos adultos, sendo que em duas utilizaram-se armadilhas CDC à noite e, em duas, aspirador de Nasci de dia. RESULTADOS: Na área urbana identificaram-se 34 espécies de culicídeos em um total de 8.683 exemplares; destes, 80,7% corresponderam ao Culex quinquefasciatus, 9,6% ao Culex grupo Coronator, 3,2% ao Aedes albopictus (3,2%) e 1,1% ao Ochlerotatus fluviatilis. A abundância de larvas de Cx. quinquefasciatus correlacionou-se negativamente com a chuva. Nas quatro matas, foram coletados 2.268 mosquitos distribuídos entre 10 gêneros, 46 espécies ou grupos. As mais abundantes foram Aedeomyia squamipennis, Culex. coronator, Culex (Mel.) seção Melanoconion, Culex declarator, Ochlerotatus scapularis, Anopheles triannulatus, Culex bidens/interfor e Culex habilitator/pseudojhantinosoma. CONCLUSÕES: A abundância de Cx. quinquefasciatus na área urbana e a presença de outros culicídeos nas áreas urbanas e de matas apontam para a possibilidade de transmissão do vírus do Nilo Ocidental e de outras arboviroses em São José do Rio Preto e outras cidades do Brasil, sendo fundamental o estabelecimento de medidas visando à vigilância destas arboviroses.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives for this study were to measure the diversity of Culicidae species, describe their abundance and seasonal variation in São José do Rio Preto, SP, and discuss the risk of arbovirus infections. METHODS: The collection of larval and adult mosquitoes was conducted monthly from 2006 to 2007 in an urban area and four sections of forested land. In the urban area, larvae were collected from sites where oviposition by Culex mosquitoes was most likely to occur. At two of the four sites in the forested land, adult mosquitoes were collected with the use of CDC traps at night, and a Nasci aspirator was used in the daytime at the two other collection sites. RESULTS: In the urban area, 34 Culicidae species were identified out of a total sample of 8,683 specimens; of these specimens, 80.7% were Culex quinquefasciatus, 9.6% were Culex coronator, 3.2% were Aedes albopictus, and 1.1% were Ochlerotatus fluviatilis. The abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was negatively related to rainfal. In the woods, 2,268 mosquitoes were collected, representing 10 genera and 46 species. The most abundant mosquito species were Aedeomyia squamipennis, Culex coronator, Culex (Mel.) Melanoconion section, Culex declarator, Ochlerotatus scapularis, Anopheles triannulatus, Culex bidens/interfor and Culex habilitator/pseudojhantinosoma. CONCLUSIONS: The abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the urban area and the presence of other Culicidae species in urban areas and forested land point to the possibility of the transmission of West Nile virus and other arbovirus infections in São José do Rio Preto and other cities. Thus, the enacting of measures aimed at the surveillance of these arbovirus infections is essential.

Evaluation of oviposition traps as an entomological surveillance method for Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) / Avaliação das armadilhas de oviposição como método de vigilância entomológica para Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae)

This study aimed to describe the behavior of oviposition traps for Aedes aegypti over time, to compare it with the larval survey and to investigate the association with climatic variables. It was conducted in São José do Rio Preto city, São Paulo. Daily climatic data and fortnightly measurements for oviposition traps and larval infestation were collected from October 2003 to September 2004. Three different periods were identified in the behavior of oviposition traps' positivity and mean number of eggs: increase, plateau and decrease in values. These measurements followed the variation of climatic data from the first and third periods. High correlation was obtained between the positivity and the mean number of eggs. The oviposition traps showed higher capacity to detect the vector than did larval survey. It was observed that the first (October to December) and third (May to September) periods were considered to be the most suitable to use oviposition traps than larval surveys.

O estudo teve como objetivos descrever o comportamento da armadilha de oviposição para Aedes aegypti ao longo do tempo, comparar com a pesquisa larvária e investigar sua associação com variáveis climáticas. O trabalho foi realizado em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. Entre outubro de 2003 a setembro de 2004, as armadilhas e a pesquisa larvária forneceram dados quinzenais e foram obtidos dados climáticos. Três períodos distintos foram identificados no comportamento da positividade das armadilhas e no número médio de ovos: aumento, patamar e decréscimo dos valores. Estas medidas acompanharam as variações climáticas. Alta correlação foi obtida entre a positividade e número de ovos. As armadilhas de oviposição apresentam maior capacidade para detectar o vetor do que a pesquisa larvária. Foi observado que o primeiro (outubro a dezembro) e terceiro (maio a setembro) períodos foram os mais adequados para utilização das armadilhas de oviposição em comparação à pesquisa larvária.

Estabelecimento de metodologia para alimentação de Aedes aegypti (Diptera-Culicidae) em camundongos swiss e avaliação da toxicidade e do efeito residual do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L (Asteraceae) em populações de Aedes aegypti / Establishment of the feeding methodology of Aedes aegypti (Diptera-Culicidae) in Swiss mice and evaluation of the toxicity and residual effect of essential oil from Tagetes minuta L (Asteraceae), in populations of Aedes aegypti

Objetivou-se desenvolver um procedimento de alimentação de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti que não cause estresse em camundongo swiss e avaliar a toxicidade e o efeito residual do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L (Asteraceae) em populações de Aedes aegypti. Camundongos anestesiados: um observado tempo de sedação e outro colocado em gaiola para alimentação de fêmeas. Óleo essencial, diluído em acetona, foi utilizado em bioensaios para avaliação das concentrações letais em larvas de Bauru, SP e São José do Rio Preto, SP, respectivamente, sensíveis e resistentes ao temephos. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com a cepa Rockefeller-EUA. O procedimento com camundongos foi aprovado. Não houve diferença entre as populações quanto à susceptibilidade a Tagetes minuta e os ensaios demonstraram CL50 de 0,24, 0,25 e 0,21mL L-1 e CL99,9 em 0,35, 0,39 e 0,42mL L-1, respectivamente, para Rockfeller, Bauru e São José do Rio Preto. Não foi observado efeito residual da solução.

The objectives here were to develop a procedure for feeding females of Aedes aegypti that does not cause stress in Swiss mice and to evaluate the toxicity and residual effect of essential oil from Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) in Aedes aegypti populations. Two mice were anesthetized: one was used to observe the duration of sedation and the other was placed in a cage to feed the female mosquitoes. Essential oil was diluted in acetone and used in bioassays to assess the lethal concentrations in larvae from the Cities of Bauru (SP) and São José do Rio Preto (SP) that were sensitive and resistant to temephos, respectively. The data obtained were compared with the American Rockefeller strain. The procedure with mice was approved. There was no difference between the populations regarding susceptibility to Tagetes minuta, and the assays showed LC50 of 0.24, 0.25 and 0.21 ml/l and LC99.9 of 0.35, 0.39 and 0.42 ml/l, for Rockefeller, Bauru and São José do Rio Preto, respectively. The solution did not show any residual effect.

Study of the relationship between Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti egg and adult densities, dengue fever and climate in Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Aedes aegypti egg and adult density indices, dengue fever and climate in Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between November 2004-November 2005. Weekly collections of adults and eggs were made using, respectively, manual aspirators and oviposition traps that produced four entomological indices (positivity and average of females and eggs). Weekly incidence coefficients were calculated based on dengue cases. Each week, the data obtained from entomological indices were related to each other, dengue, and climate variables. The first index to show an association with dengue transmission was the female average, followed by female positivity and egg average. Egg positivity did not show a relationship with risk for dengue, but was sensitive to identifying the presence of the vector, principally in dry seasons. The relationship between climatic factors, the vector and the disease found in this study can be widely employed in planning and undertaking dengue surveillance and control activities, but it is a tool that has not been considered by the authorities responsible for controlling the disease. In fact, this relationship permits the use of information about climate for early detection of epidemics and for establishing more effective prevention strategies than currently exist.

Captura de culicídeos em área urbana: avaliação do método das caixas de repouso / Capture of culicids in urban areas: evaluation of the resting box method

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de população adulta de culicídeos em área urbana e medir a sensibilidade do método de coleta em caixa de repouso MÉTODOS: Foram coletados mosquitos entre 1999 e 2000, em duas cidades do Estado de São Paulo: Ocauçu e Uchoa. Em cada uma delas, sortearam-se 15 quadras, e em cada quadra um domicílio, onde foram instaladas duas caixas de repouso, no intra e no peridomicílio. Realizaram-se coletas mensais por domicílio, durante 13 meses, utilizando aspiradores manuais no intra e peridomicílio e no interior das caixas. Os espécimes capturados foram levados ao laboratório para triagem e identificação por espécie e sexo. RESULTADOS: Dos 2.112 espécimes de culicídeos coletados, 99,7 por cento corresponderam a quatro espécies: Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, Cx. declarator e Cx. coronator. A distribuição percentual dessas espécies foi, respectivamente, em Ocauçu: 83,3 por cento, 3,2 por cento, 10,8 por cento e 2,4 por cento, e em Uchoa: 83,8 por cento, 8,4 por cento, 4,4 por cento e 3,0 por cento. Das fêmeas do gênero Culex, 34,3 por cento foram coletadas nas caixas de repouso e 59,9 por cento encontravam-se no intradomicílio. Das fêmeas de Ae. aegypti, 17,6 por cento foram coletadas nas caixas de repouso e 82,4 por cento encontraram-se no intradomicílio. CONCLUSÕES: A grande maioria dos espécimes coletados pertenciam a quatro espécies de culicídeos, sendo Cx. quinquefasciatus a mais freqüente. Proporcionalmente, as fêmeas de Ae. aegypti ocuparam mais o intradomicílio do que as do gênero Culex. A caixa de repouso apresenta potencial de utilização como dispositivo de vigilância, mas precisa ser mais bem avaliada.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of adult culicid populations in urban areas and measure the sensitivity of the resting box collection method. METHODS: Mosquito were collected in 1999 and 2000, in two cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Ocauçu and Uchoa. In each city, 15 blocks were drawn by lots and then one home in each block was drawn. Two resting boxes were installed at each home: one inside and the other outside the house. Monthly collections were carried out at each home, over a 13-month period, using manual aspirators inside and outside the home and inside the boxes. The captured specimens were taken to the laboratory for screening and identification according to species and sex. RESULTS: Out of the 2,112 culicid specimens collected, 99.7 percent were of four species: Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, Cx. declarator and Cx. coronator. The distribution of these species in Ocauçu was 83.3 percent, 3.2 percent, 10.8 percent and 24 percent, respectively, and in Uchoa it was 83.8 percent, 8.4 percent, 4.4 percent and 3.0 percent, respectively. Among the females of the genus Culex, 34.3 percent were captured in the resting boxes and 59.9 percent were collected from inside the house. Among the females of Ae. aegypti, 17.6 percent were found in the resting boxes and 82.4 percent inside the home. CONCLUSIONS: The great majority of the specimens collected belonged to four species of culicids, and Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most common. Proportionally, the females of Ae. aegypti were found more inside the home than were those of the genus Culex. Resting boxes present potential for use as surveillance devices, but their use needs to be more thoroughly evaluated.

Identification of the best ovitrap installation sites for gravid Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti in residences in Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed at identifying the best ovitrap installation sites for gravid Aedes aegypti in Mirassol, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Ovitraps were installed in ten houses per block over ten blocks. Four ovitraps were placed per residence, one in the bedroom, one in the living room, and two outdoors with one in a sheltered area and one in an outside site. Each week for eleven weeks, visits were made to examine the ovitraps and to change the paddles used for egg-laying. Eggs were analyzed according to the trap location. The results showed that the outdoor sites received significantly more oviposition than indoor sites. Additionally, in respect to the outdoor sites, the outside site received significantly more oviposition than the sheltered site. A b correlation was observed between positive traps and egg numbers. The results are discussed with respect to the best installation site of the traps and their implications in surveillance and control of dengue vectors.

Aedes albopictus (S) na região de São José do Rio Preto, SP: estudo da sua infestação em área já ocupada pelo Aedes aegypti e discussão de seu papel como possível vetor de dengue e febre amarela / Aedes albopictus (S) in the region of São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil: a study of its infestation in an area where Aedes aegypti was already established and a discussion of its role as a possible vector of dengue and yellow fever

The objectives of this survey were to study the evolution of Aedes albopictus infestation in São José do Rio Preto region, SP, an area already occupied by Aedes aegypti and also to discuss its role in transmitting diseases. Analyzing data from urban mosquito larval density surveys of the region's municipalities, year and site of the occurrence, composition and location of larval samples, breeding containers and Breteau indices were studied. By May 2001, the vector was found in 96 of 100 municipalities. Aedes albopictus compared with Aedes aegypti was found in greater proportions close to dwellings and presented greater degrees of association in natural and discarded containers. Endemic behavior of dengue, occurrences of local cases of sylvatic yellow fever and recognized competence of the vector's transmission of these diseases suggest the necessity to consider its possible participation in the transmission of dengue and the re-urbanization of yellow fever.