T lymphocyte activation and expression of costimulatory molecules in filarial elephantiasis

This study was carried in 48 patients with positive blood films for W. bancrofti microfilaria and 12 cross matched healthy control persons. All the studied cases were submitted to flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells using monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, HLA-DR. In this study, there was a significant decrease in CD3 and CD4 T lymphocytes but the changes in CD8 T cells and CD28 expression on CD8 T lymphocytes was insignificant while the activation marker HLA-DR expression on CD4 T lymphocytes was increased

Nematodes and water pollution in eastern part of Nile delta

Examination of some represented water sites revealed presence larvae and eggs of the nematodes infecting man and animals. Eggs in a descending order of abundance were Trichostrongylus, Toxocara vitolorum, Toxocaracanis, and Ascaris sp., then Trichocephalus and Ancylostoma sp. Larvae in a descending order were Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus and Ancylostoma sp. No doubt contaminated or polluted water plays an important role as nematode-borne source

Correlation between clinical presentation and genotypes of human giardiasis

The aim was to study the genotypes of human giardiasis and its relation to the symptoms of the clinical presentation. 105 patients. with giardiasis In the stool, 61 were symptomatizing and 44 were asymptomatic. and 20 subjects serving as a control group with negative stool examination for giradiasis. all were examined by PCR of stool to detect genotypes of G.L. PCR detected G.L. in 73.3% and failed to detect G.L in 26.7% of cases with G.L. in stool, and was negative in all control subjects. this mean. RCR specificity is 100% and sensitivity 73.3% for G.L. Three genotypes were detected, genotypes I in 36.19%. genotype II in 12.38% and genotype III in 9.52%, and mixed genotypes were detected in 15%, of cases with G.L In the symptomatic patients genotype I was 32.79%, genotype II was 16.39% and genotype III was 9.64%, mixed genotypes infection in 16.39% and undetermined genotypes was 24.59% while in the asymptomatic group. genotype I detected in 40.91% genotype II In 6.82%. genotype II in 9.59% mixed genotypes in 13.64% and undetermined in 29.55%. There was no statistically significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic group regarding G.L genotype distribution and the genotype of G.L was not related to symptoms of clinical presentation. the study revealed genetic diversity of G. Lamblia infection in the studied population and the genotypes of G. Lamblia were not related to the symptoms of clinical presentations

Why schistosomiasis mansoni is still highly prevalent in rural EZBAS in Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt?

To determine the possible risk factors for the high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Ezbas [Satellites and hamlets] than a mother village [Ebshan], Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The first stage of the study was a cross sectional descriptive study. The target population were all the inhabitants above 2years [4780] of ten Ezbas and a systematic random sample from the mother village [5000]. Both were subjected to Stool analysis by Kato-Katz technique. The estimated total prevalence rate of schistosomiasis of the examined population from Ezbas was 14.7% while it was 4.3% in the mother village with a statistical significant difference between Ezbas and the mother village as regards the intensity of infection. There was a significant relationship between prevalence of schistosomiasis and GMEC by population density. The prevalence was higher among males than Females and that the peak age specific prevalence rate among the inhabitants of Ezbas was [36.5%] for males and [30.4%] for females in the age group 15-<20 years with cut upward shift in the age scale and lower prevalence in the mother village. The second stage was a case control study where Schistosoma cases from all the Ezbas [704] and age and sex matched controls [705] Porn the mother village were subjected to a questionnaire compiling sociodemographic data housing environment. Knowledge. Attitudes and Practices [KAP] about Schistosomiasis and water contact behavior. History taking and thorough clinical examination were done and abdominal ultrasonography was performed for a random sample. Malacological studies of the snail Biomphalaria Alexandrina were carried out in all water channels. The risk factors for the high prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ezbas than the mother village were illiteracy [OR=63.1], true agricultural work [79.7] low social class score [OR=2.5], low housing condition score [OR= 3.7] risky houses as regards the nearness to contaminated canals [OR=11.3] when the distance was less than 5 meters [OR=5 .3] when the distance was 5-1 Om and sewage disposal into canals [OR=48]. Among the inhabitants of Ezbas, the most risky KAP were; lack of correct knowledge and out the effective method of prevention [OR=32.1], non-avoiding direct or indirect contamination of water channels [OR=46.8], non-avoiding exposure and practicing contact to contaminated water channels even after treatment [OR=183.3] and lack of periodic screening after treatment [OR=1.38]. The most risky occupational behavior for males was irrigating fields [OR=110.3], cleaning canals [OR=77.7], washing animals [OR=23.4] and fishing [0R=22.5]. The most risky occupational behavior for males and females were rice and vegetable implantation [OR=113] and removal of harmful grass [OR=11.1]. Grain washing was a risky behavior for females [OR=38.2]. The most risky socio-cultural behavior were playing and swimming for children< 15 years [OR=36], washing utensils for females [OR=40.6] and for males; ablution [OR=16.8] and bathing [OR=10.6]. The risk increases with daily exposure [OR= 6] and with a duration >2hours in each exposure [OR=25.8] and infected B. Alexandrina snails in water channels [OR=39.4]. Most of them [85.5%] had received a previous treatment by praziquantel [PZQ]; [26.8%] of them significantly received 3 doses of PZQ in the last year. Most of the cases [86.2%] were asymptomatic. Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly and per portal fibrosis were more significantly prevalent among the inhabitants of Ezbas compared to the control as diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound [31.1%. 23.2% and 17.9% respectively]. A modification of the National Schistosomiasis Control Project is recommended for more concern towards the numerous and bas which still have a high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis