Participación en el proceso reproductivo: toma de decisiones durante el embarazo y parto

Introducción: Potenciar la participación de las mujeres durante el embarazo y el parto se alinea con el llamado de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se vincula con efectos en la satisfacción usuaria, resultados clínicos de salud y una mejor gestión de los prestadores de salud. Objetivo : Descubrir las necesidades de participación en la toma de decisiones de las mujeres durante el proceso del embarazo y parto. Método : Análisis secundario de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo con mujeres hospitalizadas del servicio de puerperio de dos hospitales en Santiago de Chile. El análisis de los datos se realizó utilizando el método propuesto por la Grounded Theory. Resultados : Participaron doce mujeres en dos grupos focales. Del análisis relacional se desprende que la participación en el proceso reproductivo es interferida por dos grupos de factores vinculados a significados culturales y a la vulneración de los derechos de las mujeres. Conclusiones. La participación de las mujeres en las decisiones clínicas durante el proceso de embarazo y parto es aún escasa y el poder sigue manteniéndose en los profesionales de la salud, perpetuándose prácticas de violencia institucional. Para avanzar en una práctica obstétrica centrada en las mujeres, es importante reconocer el papel activo que ellas quieren y pueden cumplir para vivir una experiencia positiva y satisfactoria.

Introduction : Enhancing women's participation during pregnancy and childbirth is in line with the call of the World Health Organization and is linked to effects on user satisfaction, clinical health outcomes and better management of health care providers. Objective : To discover women's needs for participation in decision making during pregnancy and childbirth. Methods : Secondary analysis of a descriptive qualitative study with hospitalized women from the puerperium service of two hospitals in Santiago, Chile. The data analysis was carried out using the method proposed by Grounded Theory. Results : Twelve women participated in two focus groups. The relational analysis showed that participation in the reproductive process is interfered by two groups of factors linked to cultural meanings and to the violation of women's rights. Conclusions: Women's participation in clinical decisions during pregnancy and childbirth is still scarce and power is still held by health professionals, perpetuating practices of institutional violence. To advance in obstetric practice centered on women, it is important to recognize the active role that women want and can play in order to have a positive and satisfactory experience.

El significado de la menopausia para un grupo de mujeres chilenas atendidas en el sistema público de salud / The significance of menopause for Chilean women attending primary health care centers

BACKGROUND: Menopause connects a biological event with social representations related to aging AIM: To assess the meaning of menopause in a group of Chilean women attending primary health care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary analysis of a descriptive qualitative study of in-depth interviews to explore the meaning of menopause in fifteen women aged 55 to 71 years who experienced menopause between 2 and 29 years before. Data were collected using the method proposed by the Grounded Theory. Guba's criteria of scientific rigor were used. RESULTS: Relational analysis shows that menopause divides the life cycle of women into two stages related with the possibility of having children, which is heavily influenced by the cultural significance of menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Women perceive that menopause is a natural stage and that it is the end of a period focused on tasks related to reproduction and motherhood. However, that "normality" includes a suffering process, loaded with negative cultural beliefs about menopause passed down for generations.

Consideraciones para comunicar riesgos y beneficios de la mamografía a mujeres desde la perspectiva de los expertos / Experts' views on the communication of risks and benefits of mammography to detect breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer (BC) has a high mortality rate in developing countries due to a scarcity of early detection. Risk communication is critical to support women who face the decision to undertake BC screening. Thus, they can balance their perceived and real risk, and make informed choices. Aim: To describe experts' views on how the provision of information related to BC screening should be made. Material and Methods: A qualitative study with focus groups with national experts was conducted. Open coding was performed. Results: Four categories on the way information about BC screening should be provided emerged: to communicate about the need of the exam; the pros and cons of the test; fear as a barrier for understanding; and involving women in the decision-making process. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the need to include risk communication strategies in the patient-provider relationship and encourage and respect women's autonomy when facing the BC screening decision.

Estudio de familia en Atención Primaria: construcción y validación de una herramienta para la valoración familiar / Development of a tool to conduct family studies in primary health care

Background: The Family and Community Health Model (MAIS) establishes the continuity of care as an essential principle. The Family Study, as a clinical strategy, allows to have sufficient and timely information and knowledge about users of health care services, facilitates their accompaniment and is a source of information to improve the quality of care and the management of health centers. Aim: To develop a tool to conduct family studies, devised by experts in Primary Health Care. Material and Methods: Using a qualitative method, an electronic Delphi was conducted on 24 experts on primary health care. Afterwards, the content validation was carried out with the participation of judges. Results: The resulting tool considers two levels of family assessment. It allows to distinguish those families that would benefit from interventions of greater complexity than those derived from the usual care of health centers. Conclusions: The tool to perform family studies responds to the informational and continuity component of Continuity of Patient Care principle. It may be a proposal for the continuous improvement of Chilean primary care.

Conflicto decisional en personas con diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial usuarias del nivel primario de atención de salud de Chile / Decisional conflict among people with diabetes mellitus or hypertension attending primary care

Background: Decisional conflict refers to the personal uncertainty about which course of action to take when the choice involves risk, regret, or challenge to personal life values. Aim: To determine the level of decisional conflict (DC) of people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or High Blood Pressure (HBP) attending primary care centers (PCC) in Chile. Patients and Methods: A Spanish version of the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) was applied to patients who were recruited if they had DM or HBP, were 18 years old or older, and had an appointment at the PCC the day of the recruitment. The scale was self-administered. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine association between DC and other variables of interest while controlling confounding variables. Results: The scale was answered by 1075 participants from 24 PCC aged 62 ± 14 years (74% female). Average score for the DCS scale was 16.8 ± 12.9 of a maximum of 100 points indicating a higher DC. The sub-scale "information" had the highest score (19.9 ± 20.0). Low educational level and older age were significantly associated with higher DCS scores (p < 0.05). Having a bad health perception, deciding to initiate a medical treatment and being attended by a doctor were significantly associated with higher DC. These associations persisted when confounding variables such as sex, age and education were controlled. Conclusions: People with DM or HBP who have a poor health perception, who initiated their treatment and were attended by a doctor had higher levels of DC, independent of their age and educational level.

Formación y competencias para los equipos de atención primaria desde la mirada de expertos chilenos / Training and competencies for primary care teams from the perspective of Chilean experts / Treinamento e competências para equipes de atenção primária na perspectiva de especialistas chilenos

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las competencias para equipos de atención primaria en salud (APS) en distintos tópicos vinculados a la atención directa del usuario y a la gestión de los centros de salud primarios, de acuerdo a la percepción de expertos chilenos en APS. Métodos Estudio de diseño mixto. Se realizó un Delphi electrónico con 29 expertos nacionales en APS. Resultados Se propone una matriz de competencias específicas vinculada al trabajo directo con familias y a la gestión del centro de salud priorizados en tres niveles. Los expertos concuerdan que se requiere una masa crítica de profesionales que cuenten con competencias que le conciernen a la APS. Conclusiones El reto de reorganizar los sistemas de salud en torno a una APS fuerte y de calidad solo puede lograrse con la participación de profesionales que comprendan y practiquen los atributos y principios fundamentales de la APS. Los resultados de este estudio dan cuenta de un perfil de competencias para profesionales de APS alineado con recomendaciones internacionales alcanzable a través de estrategias de educación continua.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the competencies for primary health care teams (PHC) in different topics related to the direct care of the user and the management of primary health centers, according to the perception of Chilean experts in PHC. Methods Mixed design studio. An electronic Delphi method was conducted with 29 national experts in APS. Results A matrix of specific competences related to direct work with families and to the management of the health center prioritized in three levels is proposed. Experts agreed that a critical mass of professionals with competencies in PHC is required. Conclusions The challenge of reorganizing health systems around a strong and quality PHC can only be achieved with the participation of professionals who understand and practice the attributes and fundamental principles of PHC. The results of this study show a competency profile for PHC professionals aligned with international recommendations achievable through continuous education strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as habilidades para equipes de atenção primária à saúde (APS) sobre vários tópicos vinculados com a atenção direta do usuário e gestão de centros de saúde, de acordo com a percepção de especialistas chilenos na APS. Métodos Estudo de desenho misto. Foi realizado um Delphi eletrônico com 29 especialistas nacionais em APS. Resultados É proposta uma matriz de competências específicas vinculada ao trabalho direto com famílias e à gestão do centro de saúde priorizados em três níveis. Os especialistas concordam que se requer uma massa crítica de profissionais que contem com competências em APS. Conclusões O desafio de reorganizar os sistemas de saúde em torno de uma APS forte e de qualidade só se pode conseguir com a participação de profissionais que entendem e pratiquem os atributos e os princípios fundamentais da APS. Os resultados deste estudo mostram um perfil de competências para profissionais de APS alinhados com recomendações internacionais que podem ser alcançadas através de estratégias de educação contínua.

Participación de los usuarios en las decisiones clínicas en la atención primaria de salud en Chile / User Participation in Clinical Decision-making in Primary Health Care in Chile / Participação dos usuários nas decisões clínicas na atenção primária à saúde no Chile

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la experiencia de participación en las decisiones clínicas desde la perspectiva de usuarios de Centros de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Métodos Estudio de diseño cualitativo descriptivo; se realizaron grupos focales con usuarios de CESFAM del área sudeste de Santiago, Chile, y análisis temático de la información utilizando el programa Atlas.ti versión 6®. Resultados Se realizaron cinco grupos focales (n = 41). Los principales temas emergentes fueron el rol pasivo de los usuarios en las decisiones y la toma de decisión delegada, basada en la confianza en el profesional. El rol pasivo de los usuarios limita las oportunidades de participación en las decisiones clínicas y mantiene el poder en los profesionales de la salud. A pesar de ello, el establecimiento de una alianza terapéutica les permita sentirse tratados como personas únicas, escuchados y respetados por los profesionales, lo que asegura que las decisiones tomadas por el equipo de salud son confiables, pues velan por sus reales intereses. Conclusión La participación de los usuarios en los encuentros clínicos es aún escasa en el país. Sin embargo, potenciar esta participación es esencial para aumentar la satisfacción usuaria y promover un cuidado centrado en la persona.

ABSTRACT Objective Describe users' experience with participation in clinical decision-making at Family Health Centers (CESFAM) in the Primary Health Care (PHC) system. Methods Qualitative descriptive study. Focus groups made up of CESFAM users were held in southeastern Santiago, Chile, and the information was thematically analyzed using Atlas.ti version 6® software. Results Five focus groups were held (n = 41). The main themes that emerged from the discussions were the passive role of users in decisions and delegated decision-making, based on their trust in the health professional. Users' passive role limits their opportunities for participation in clinical decision-making, ceding power to the health professional. However, establishing a therapeutic partnership allows users to feel that they are being treated as unique individuals whom the professional listens to and respects, ensuring that the decisions of the health team can be trusted, since they look out for the users' real interests. Conclusion Users' participation in clinical encounters is still limited in Chile. However, bolstering that participation is essential for increasing user satisfaction and promoting people-centered care.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a experiência de participação nas decisões clínicas dos usuários dos Centros de Saúde Familiar (CESFAM) de atenção primária à saúde. Métodos Estudo qualitativo descritivo conduzido em grupos de discussão formados por usuários dos CESFAM da região sudeste da cidade de Santiago, no Chile. Foi realizada uma análise temática das informações com o uso do programa de software ATLAS.ti® versão 6. Resultados Foram formados cinco grupos de discussão (n = 41). Os principais tópicos abordados foram o papel passivo dos usuários nas decisões e a tomada de decisão delegada aos profissionais na base da confiança. O papel passivo restringe as oportunidades de participação dos usuários nas decisões clínicas e mantém o poder nas mãos dos profissionais da saúde. Apesar disso, ao ser criada uma aliança terapêutica, os usuários se sentem tratados como indivíduos únicos que são ouvidos e respeitados pelos profissionais, o que assegura que as decisões tomadas pela equipe de saúde sejam confiáveis porque protegem os reais interesses dos usuários. Conclusão Os usuários ainda têm pouca participação nas interações clínicas no Chile. Porém, é fundamental reforçar esta participação para melhorar a satisfação do usuário e promover uma atenção mais centrada na pessoa.

Atributos y características de los principios orientadores del Modelo de Atención Integral de Salud Familiar y Comunitaria desde la perspectiva de expertos en APS / Attributes and features of a community health model from the perspective of practitioners

Background: The Family and Community Health Model is based on three essential principles: user-centered care, comprehensive care and continuity of care. Aim: To describe the attributes and characteristics of the guiding principles of the Family and Community Health Model (FHM) from the perspective of primary care experts. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study. An electronic Delphi was conducted with 29 national experts on primary care. Results: The experts agree that user centered care must be based on a psycho-social model integrating the multiple factors that influence health problems. It also must integrate patients' individual features, family and environmental issues. The proposed actions promote shared decision making. To promote integral care, anticipatory guidelines should be expanded and health care of patients with chronic conditions should be improved. Continuity of care should be promoted increasing working hours of medical centers and easing access to integrated electronic medical records, thereby generating efficient links between the different care levels. Conclusions: The results of the study can guide the clinical and administrative management of health teams, allowing the strengthening of primary health care according to the local realities.

Menopausia, el inicio del envejecimiento de las mujeres chilenas. Un estudio cualitativo / Menopausa, o inicio do envelhecimento das mulheres chilenas. Um estudo qualitativo / Menopause, the beginning of aging for Chilean women. A qualitative study

Objective. To develop the meaning of menopause of a group of post-menopausal women and their relationship with aging. Methods. Qualitative descriptive study on 15 Chilean women that completed a taped face-to-face in depth interview that were interpreted according to Krippendorff. Results. A qualitative content analysis revealed the presence of two themes: (a) Cessation of women´s reproductive stage and (b) a life transition to aging. Conclusion. Women perceived their menopause as the beginning of aging focusing on the end of fertility and the social connotation that this new role implies. Feeling old 10 years before the customary beginning of old age is an important starting point to be incorporated in women's health education.

Objetivo. Desarrollar el significado de manopausia de un grupo de mujeres posmenopáusicas y su relación con el envejecimiento. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo de las grabaciones de 15 mujeres chilenas que completaron una entrevista a profundidad, cara a cara. Los relatos se interpretaron de acuerdo con Krippendorff. Resultados. Un análisis de contenido cualitativo reveló la presencia de dos temas: (a) Cesación de la etapa reproductiva de las mujeres y (b) transición de la vida adulta al envejecimiento. Conclusión. Las mujeres percibieron la menopausia como el principio del envejecimiento que se centraba en el fin de la fertilidad y la connotación social que implicaba este nuevo papel. Sentirse viejo 10 años antes del comienzo habitual de la vejez es un punto de partida importante para ser incorporado en la educación para la salud de la mujer.

Objetivo. Desenvolver o significado de menopausa de um grupo de mulheres pós-menopáusicas e sua relação com o envelhecimento. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo descritivo das gravações de 15 mulheres chilenas que completaram uma entrevista a profundidade, cara a cara; os relatos se interpretaram de acordo com Krippendorff. Resultados. Uma análise de conteúdo qualitativo revelou a presença de dois assuntos: (a) Cessação da etapa reprodutiva das mulheres e (b) transição da vida ao envelhecimento. Conclusão. As mulheres perceberam sua menopausa como o princípio do envelhecimento que se centrava no fim da fertilidade e a conotação social que implicava este novo papel. Sentir-se velho 10 anos antes do começo habitual da velhice é um ponto de partida importante para ser incorporado na educação para a saúde da mulher.

Principios orientadores del Modelo Integral de Salud Familiar y Comunitario desde la perspectiva de los usuarios / Perception of users about an Integral Model of Family and Community Health care in Santiago, Chile

Background: The integral Model of Family and Community Health care is based on three essential principles: patient centered care, comprehensive care and continuity of care. Aim: To know the perception of primary care clinic users about the elements that should be considered in a patient centered integrated health care. Material and Methods: Ten males and 31 females aged 18 to 78 years, users of two public family primary care centers participated in focus groups, which were recorded. A qualitative descriptive research design based on content analysis according to Krippendorf was done. Results: Seven issues emerged from the description of patients’ experiences: professional-patient relationship, fragmentation of care, continued care with the same professional, promotion and prevention, availability of services and patient records. Conclusions: There are difficulties to install an integral model of family and community health care. The concerns raised by participants should be considered in order to modify the design of these models.

Factores de riesgo asociados a síntomas depresivos post parto en mujeres de bajo riesgo obstétrico atendidas en el sistema público / Risk factors for post partum depression

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a public health problem with high prevalence in Chile. Many factors are associated with PPD. Aim: To analyze the factors associated with the incidence of depressive symptoms (SD) in women with low obstetric risk. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study on a sample of 105 postpartum women with low obstetric risk assessed by the Edinburgh Depression Scale at the eighth week postpartum. Results: A 37% prevalence of depressive symptoms was found. Univariate analysis showed that the perception of family functioning, overcrowding and number of siblings, were significantly associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. A multiple regression model only accepted family functioning as a predictor of depression. Conclusions: Perception of family functioning was the only variable that explained in part the presence of depressive symptoms in women with low obstetric risk.