ABSTRACT
Introduction: Liver is the largest gland of the body. Itis situatedunder the right dome of the diaphragm andmainlyoccupies the right hypochondriac and epigastricregions. In man, the liver is essentialfor survival since there iscurrently no artificial organ orequipment that has the capacityto compensate for theabsence of liver function. Henceknowledge of variation in liver anatomy is required for goodsurgical outcome, diagnostic imaging and minimally invasivesurgical procedures.Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in160 human livers from embalmed cadavers in the Departmentof Anatomy, KIMS, Karad, during the study duration of July2017 to August 2018. The liver specimens were removed fromadult human cadavers during routine dissection for medicalundergraduate students and then preserved in 10% of formalin.Results: We analyzed 160 livers, with its morphologicalcharacteristics and structural variations. Mean weight ofthe liver was reported to be 1.05 Kg (Minimum 0.461 andMaximum 2.137 Kg) with SD of 0.34 Kg. Mean breadth ofliver was reported to be 18.44 cm (Maximum 25.5 cm andMinimum 2.4 cm) with SD of 2.45 cm. Mean thickness of liverwas reported to be 10.52cm (Maximum 18.3 and Minimum3.4) with SD of 1.82 cm.Conclusion: The present study focuses upon the frequentoccurrence of morphological variations on the surface of theliver.
ABSTRACT
The variety of multiple morphological variations in the thyroid gland is found as a result of disturbed organogenesis in humans as agenesis, hypoplasia, accessory, ectopy and hemiagenesis. In the routine undergraduate dissection of the thyroid gland, multiple anomalies of the thyroid gland were encountered in 50 and 60 years old female and male cadaver respectively. These were in form of absent isthmus with accessory thyroid lobe in between two lateral lobes, pyramidal lobe arising from left lobe of thyroid with levator glandulae thyroidae in first case. Second case showed narrow isthmus related to first tracheal ring and levator glandulae thyroidae arising from left lobe. In these case studies, we highlight various developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland as absent isthmus, pyramidal lobe and accessory lobe with levator glandulae thyroidae. Hence a thorough knowledge of such morphological variations of thyroid gland helps the surgeons in better planning of safe, effective and uncomplicated operative procedures in resection of thyroid and tracheotomy procedures.
ABSTRACT
Background & objective: Foramen meningo-orbital is present in greater wing of sphenoid bone close to superior orbital fissure. It provide route for an anastomosis between the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery and recurrent meningeal branch of ophthalmic artery. Basic textbooks of anatomy stated that it was a rare occurrence but some recent studies indicate a more frequent incidence of this which shows side and gender variation. These discrepancies were verified in our research work. Methods: We studied 150 dried human skulls (100 male and 50 female) of known sex. Only patent foramina were included in the observation. Results: Incidence of foramen as whole was 44.33% (male- 37.5% and female- 58%). In 4%, it was present bilaterally. Average distance between lateral end of superior orbital fissure and foramen was 6.22 mm. Conclusion: Our study indicates that a foramen meningo-orbital is present as often as, mostly unilaterally and multiple foramina may exist and also it shows side and genders variation. Knowledge of it may be of surgical significance to ophthalmologist and neurosurgeons and for radiologist because it masquerading as an intraocular foreign body. Further detail study on this topic in other populations from different areas is required.