A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Myths About Covid-19 Vaccination in Selected Rural Area Ratua at Bhopal (M.P.)

Background- COVID-19 is the Pandemic disease caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus. There are many myths regarding COVID-19 vaccine spread by community people at rural area. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge about myths of COVID-19, Bhopal Ratua (M.P). The World Health Organization (WHO) is working closely with global experts, governments, and partners to rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus, to track the spread and virulence of the virus, and to provide advice to countries and individuals on measures to protect health and prevent the spread. The urban people have poor attitude regarding myths about Covid- 19 vaccination. Materials & Methods- A Study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding Covid Vaccination among rural community people. 30 rural community people from a selected rural community were included in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 40 questions was used. Results- Almost all had some pre-test knowledge regarding the myths surrounding Covid-19. Whereas the knowledge was increased post-test. Conclusion- We concluded that such awareness programs may have a positive impact on increasing the knowledge of rural people. After that the vaccine needs to go through a review by the National Regulatory Authority, who will decide if the vaccine is safe and effective.

Extrafollicular Variant of Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor in Maxilla: A Diagnostic Enigma

Introduction: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare epithelial odontogenic tumor of jaws. It is a benign, painless, non-invasive, slow-growing lesion, with a frequency of 2.2-7.1%. Upon clinical examination it can be misdiagnosed as an odon- togenic cyst. AOT affects young individuals with a female predominance, occurs mainly in the second decade, more common in anterior maxilla and usually surrounds the crown of unerupted tooth mostly impacted canine. AOT has three clinical subtypes named as follicular, extrafollicular, and peripheral. Clinical presentation: This case report represents a 20 years old female patient with the chief complaint of swelling on the right upper anterior region for 8 months. Management and prognosis: After surgical excision and histopathological evaluation it is diagnosed as a rare case of extrafol- licular variant of intraosseous AOT.

Design, Optimization And Evaluation Of Empagliflozin Orodispersible Tablets Using Different Superdisintegrants

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate orodispersible tablets containing empagliflozin by direct compression method with sufficient hardness and rapid disintegration time and to study the effect of functionality differences of super-disintegrants on the tablet properties. Methods: A two factor three level factorial design (32) was used for the formulation optimization of orodispersible tablets of Empagliflozin and experimental trials were performed on all possible formulations, in which the amount of β-cyclodextrin, crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium were selected as independent variables (factor) varied at three different levels: low (-1), medium (0), and high (+1) levels. The drug release and disintegration time were used as dependent variables (response). All formulations were characterized for parameters such as diameter, hardness, weight, thickness, friability, disintegration time, drug release. Results: Formulation FD6 having 30 sec disintegration time, 98.84% drug release after 30 min, 2.8 kg/cm2 hardness and 0.292% friability was found best among all formulations and selected as an optimized formulation with rapid onset of action and enhanced bioavailability (more than 98% drug release within 30 min.) as compared to the oral empagliflozin tablet. Conclusion: Empagliflozin orodispersible tablets with different superdisintegrants were successfully prepared and formulation containing highest percentage of crospovidone was found best among all other formulations in terms of bioavailability and rapid onset of action.

Prevalence, risk factors and pattern of severe retinopathy of prematurity in eastern Madhya Pradesh

Purpose: To describe the prevalence, characteristics including risk factors, and pattern of severe ROP from eastern Madhya Pradesh region of India. Methods: In this 5-year retrospective study, Baseline characteristics, systemic risk factors, and findings of ROP screening were noted. Factors associated with severe ROP including aggressive posterior ROP (APROP), stage IV and V ROP were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Of 763 babies screened, 30% were diagnosed to have ROP. Prevalence of severe ROP was 14.2% (109) of which 60 (55.5%) were classic and 30 (27.7%) were APROP. Eighteen (16.6%) were diagnosed as advanced ROP (stage IV and V). Mean gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) for severe ROP were 31.05 weeks and 1.34 kg, respectively which were inversely associated with severe ROP. But a significant 10% of severe ROP were seen in late preterm babies, >34 weeks. Low GA and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were significant risk factors for APROP. Most important factor for stage IV and V ROP was late presentation for screening. Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence of severe ROP including APROP. Almost 7% severe ROP cases were outside screening guidelines of NNF. Late presentation for screening is the most important factor associated with ROP related blindness.

Identification, antifungal resistance profile, in vitro biofilm formation and ultrastructural characteristics of Candida species isolated from diabetic foot patients in Northern India.

Purpose: Diabetic foot ulcers are a serious cause of diagnostic and therapeutic concern. The following study was undertaken to determine the fungal causes of diabetic foot ulcers, with their phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. Materials and Methods: A total of 155 diabetic foot ulcers were studied for 1 year. Deep tissue specimen was collected from the wounds, and crushed samples were plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol (0.05 g). Identification was done by growth on cornmeal agar, germ tube formation and urease test. For molecular identification, conserved portion of the 18S rDNA region, the adjacent internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and a portion of the 28S rDNA region were amplified, using the ITS1 and ITS2 primers. Antifungal susceptibility against voriconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B was determined by standard broth microdilution method. Biofilm formation was studied in three steps. First, on the surface of wells of microtiter plates followed by quantification of growth by fungal metabolism measurement. Finally, biofilms were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Fungal aetiology was found in 75 patients (48.38%). All were identified as Candida species (100%). The prevalence of different species was Candida tropicalis (34.6%), Candida albicans (29.3%), Candida krusei (16.0%), Candida parapsilosis (10.6%), Candida glabrata (9.33%). All were susceptible to amphotericin B (100%). On microtiter plate, all the isolates were viable within 48 h showing biofilms. The metabolic activity of cells in the biofilm increased with cellular mass, especially in the first 24 h. On SEM, majority showed budding yeast form. Conclusion: Non‑albicans Candida spp. with potential biofilm forming ability are emerging as a predominant cause of diabetic foot ulcers.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and their management strategies.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by the proliferation of skin-homing post-thymic T-cells. It is the second most common extranodal non-Hodgekin's lymphoma. Many variants of mycosis fungoides and CTCLs are known to date, differing in clinical, histological, and immunophenotypic characteristics. Oral involvement has also been reported rarely in CTCLs. Treatment depends on the disease stage or the type of variant. New insights into the disease and the number of emerging novel therapeutic options have made it an interesting area for dermatologists and medical oncologists.

Biological behavior and disease pattern of carcinoma gallbladder shown on 64-slice CT scanner: A hospital-based retrospective observational study and our experience.

Purpose: The aim of this diagnostic observational study was to assess the spread and biological behavior of gallbladder cancer using 64-slice computerized tomography (CT) scanner in this particular geographic belt (eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar, and northern Madhya Pradesh provinces of North India). Indians are ethnically and culturally different from their Western counterparts among whom the incidence of this disease is comparatively low. Subjects and Methods: After systemic examination, all patients (87) were subjected to ultrasonographic examination. All cases were histopathologically proven. Confirmed cases were subjected to volumetric CT examination of abdomen and pelvis, plain, post contrast and delayed phase. Results: Majority of the cases were adenocarcinoma. There was female preponderance with majority belonging to fifth and sixth decades. Commonest presentation was diffuse, irregular, enhancing wall thickening in 49.4%. Majority had invasion of liver parenchyma (74.7%). Cholelithiasis was seen in 48.3% cases. Invasion of biliary radicals was high (13.8-18.4%). Eleven cases had invasion of portal vein and tumor thrombus, with hepatic artery invasion in one case. In two cases, both hepatic artery and portal vein invasion was seen. Portal and peripancreatic nodal metastasis was seen in 58.5%. Distant metastasis was reported. Conclusion: Few studies involving the Indian population have attempted to use multi-row detector CT to define the biological behavior of carcinoma gallbladder. The opinion whether the pathology is operable or non-operable can reasonably be given. This large-scale, single-center study gives insight about the epidemiology and biological behavior of carcinoma gallbladder.

Effect of ambient air sulphur dioxide on sulphate accumulation in plants.

Present study deals with the relationship between ambient air sulphurdioxide and sulphate content in leaf of selected tropical plant species, Ficus religiosa. The study reveals a positive correlation between ambient air sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the leaves. Two way ANOVA finds the obtained values to be highly significant (p < 0.001). Amount of sulphate in leaves shows positive correlation with sulphur dioxide in air (p < 0.001) during most part of the study A marked reduction of sulphate content in leaf was found during October when reduction in ambient air sulphur dioxide was recorded.

Diagnosing different stages of hepatitis B infection using a competitive polymerase chain reaction assay.

PURPOSE: Different stages of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be defined by serum HBV DNA levels. This study attempts to (1) investigate serum HBV DNA levels in inactive carriers and patients with chronic HBV (CHB) infection and (2) define cut-off value between inactive carriers and HBeAg (precore antigen of HBV) negative CHB patients in Indian population. METHODS: One hundred and forty samples encompassing 42 inactive HBsAg carriers and 98 CHB patients (53 HBeAg-positive and 45 HBeAg-negative) were analysed. Serum HBV DNA levels were determined employing an in-house competitive polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) assay. RESULTS: The HBeAg-positive patients were found to have the maximum median HBV DNA load, which was significantly higher than the HBeAg-negative ones (median; 1.25 x 10(8) vs. 2.30 x 10(5) copies/mL ; P<0.05). Interestingly, the latter group has significantly higher HBV DNA levels than the inactive carriers (median; 2.30 x 10(5) vs. 4.28 x 10(3) copies/mL; P<0.05). The 2.5 x 10(4) copies/ml HBV DNA levels were optimal for discriminating CHB patients (HBeAg-negative) from inactive carriers with 75.6 and 78.6% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the extensive overlapping of HBV DNA levels in inactive carriers and HBeAg negative CHB patients, 2.5 x 10(4) copies/mL is the most favourable cut-off value to classify these individuals and would be imperative in the better management of this dreadful disease.

Microbial decolorization and bioremediation of melanoidin containing molasses spent wash.

Molasses spent wash from cane-molasses based distilleries contains a brown coloured recalcitrantpolymer melanoidin, which if disposed untreated poses a great threat to environment. Microbial decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was found to be dependent on specific carbon and nitrogen source. Under optimal condition of pH, carbon and nitrogen concentration for each treatment, it was found that Bacillus sp isolated from soil was capable of removing COD (85. 35%) and colour (81.10%) from distillery waste to the maximum extent after 9 days atpH 7 in the medium containing 0.5% peptone, 2% glucose and 10% (v/v), followed by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and lowest reduction was obtained by using native microbial consortium.

Pollution tolerance and distribution pattern of plants in surrounding area of coal-fired industries.

Higher concentration of SO2 and particulate matters was reported in surrounding areas of coal-fired industries which influences the distribution pattern of plants. Sensitive plant species are abolished from such areas, however, only pollution tolerant species survive under stress conditions. The present study was designed to investigate the vegetation composition around coal-fired industries i.e. brick industries. To categorise plants as sensitive or resistant air pollution tolerance index (APTI) value was calculated. Out of 99 plants studied, Ricinus communis with APTI 81.10 was found to be the most resistant wild plant showing uniform distribution at all the polluted sites. On the other hand, Lepidium sativum with APTI 5.27 was recorded as the most sensitive plant and found to be present only at the less polluted sites.

CDRI-85/287: studies on competition to estrogen binding sites in the immature rat uterus.

Ability of compound CDRI-85/287, a new nonsteroidal antiestrogen with negligible inherent estrogenicity, to inhibit uptake of 3H-estradiol (3H-E2) by the immature rat uterus in vivo was investigated. Different doses of 85/287 were administered either intraperitoneally 30 min before 3H-E2 or orally 1 and 6 hr before 3H-E2. A dose dependent inhibition in 3H-E2 uptake was observed after administration of the compound by either route and was 69% at 50 micrograms/rat ip dose and 80% at 2.5 mg/kg po dose. In in vitro competitive binding assay, however, the compound showed poor affinity (RBA 0.42% of estradiol-17 beta) for cytosolic estrogen receptors. Considering the potent anti-estrogenic as well as anti-implantation efficacy of the compound, its action in vivo appears to be mediated via its active metabolite(s).

Duration of antiestrogenecity of compound CDRI-85/287: a new orally active nonsteroidal antiimplantation agent.

Duration of antiestrogenic and antiimplantation action of CDRI-85/287, (2-(4-(2-N-piperidino)ethoxy phenyl)-3-phenyl(2H)benzo(2)pyran), was studied in rat. Pretreatment of ovariectomized immature rats with this compound caused translocation of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ER) to the nucleus and a marked depletion of cytoplasmic ER pool resulting in a nonresponsive state of the uterus to subsequent estrogen administration until day 4. While in rats pretreated with estradiol, increased cytoplasmic ER level made the uterus responsive to a second injection of estrogen. In the delayed implantation model, 85/287 pretreated rats were given estrone on days 4, 5 or 6 post-antiestrogen treatment. No implantations were observed after estrone administration on day 4, but were present when estrone was given on days 5 or 6. Summation of these results suggests the duration of action of 85/287 to be 3-4 days in rat.