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Formins are widely distributed in eukaryotes such as fungi, plants and animals. They play crucial roles in regulating the polymerization of actin, coordinating the synergistic interactions between actin and microtubules, and determining cell growth and morphology. Unlike formins from fungi and animals, plant formins have been evolved into two plant-specific types. Generally, type Ⅱ formins are believed to regulate the polarized growth of cells, and type Ⅰ formins may regulate the cell expansion and division processes. Recent studies on the function of plant formins suggest it is inappropriate to classify the function of formins purely based on their structures. This review summarizes the domain organization of formins and their corresponding functions, as well as the underpinning mechanisms. Furthermore, the unsolved or unexplored issues along with future perspectives on plant formins are proposed and discussed.
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Actins , Formins , Microfilament Proteins , Plant Cells , Plant Development , PlantsABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effects of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP 1) gene knockdown in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) on the migration and invasion of breast cancer MDAMB- 231 cells. Methods: The expression of YAP1 in breast primary CAF and paired normal fibroblast (NF) in mRNA microarray was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. To verify the authenticity and accuracy of the microarray results, the expressions of YAP1 mRNA and protein in primary and immortalized NF and CAF were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting. A co-cultured system including breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and the conditioned medium of NF or CAF was used, and the effect of fibroblasts on the invasion ability of breast cancer cells was detected by Transwell chamber assay. CAF cells were transfected with the plasmids carrying the specific shRNA targeting YAP 1 gene, then the expressions of YAP1 mRNA and protein in CAF were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effects of YAP 1 gene interference in CAF on the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells cultured with CAF conditioned medium were detected by scratch wound healing and Transwell chamber assay, respectively. CAF cells were treated with Hippo pathway inhibitor XMU-MP-1, then the expressions of total YAP1 protein and phosphorylated YAP1 protein in CAF were detected by Western blotting, as well as the invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 cells co-cultured with the CAF conditioned medium was measured by Transwell chamber assay. The expressions of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF -β 1) and interleukin 6 (IL 6), two target genes of YAP1 and the cytokines associated with cell migration and invasion, in CAF with YAP 1 gene interference were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The effect of YAP1-knocked CAF on the extracellular matrix remodeling was tested by Collagen gel contraction assay. Results: Compared with primary NF, the expression of YAP 1 gene was significantly upregulated in primary CAF of breast cancer according mRNA microarray (P < 0.05). The higher expressions of YAP1 mRNA and protein in primary and immortalized CAF were confirmed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (P < 0.05) and Western blotting (P < 0.01). The invasion ability of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly promoted in the coculture system with the conditioned medium of CAF as compared with NF (P < 0.01). The CAF cell line transfected with YAP1 shRNA was successfully constructed, and the expressions of YAP1 mRNA and protein were successfully stably knocked down in CAF (both P < 0.01). Compared with the YAP1-unknocked CAF control group, the migration (P < 0.05) and invasion (P < 0.01) abilities of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly weakened after culture with the conditioned medium of YAP1-knocked CAF. The phosphorylation level of YAP1 protein was decreased in CAF treated with Hippo pathway inhibitor XMU-MP-1 (P < 0.01), while the invasion ability of MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly enhanced after coculture with XMU-MP-1-treated CAF (P < 0.05). The expression levels of TGF-β1 and IL6 mRNAs were down-regulated in YAP1-knocked CAF (both P < 0.05), and the collagen gel shrinking ability of extracellular matrix was significantly decreased in YAP1-knocked CAF group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The stable knockdown of YAP1 expression in CAF can inhibit the migration and invasion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells through down-regulating the expressions of TGF-β1 and IL6 and remodeling the extracellular matrix.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between family cohesion and adaptability and quality of life in patients with enterostomy. Methods Using Chinese version of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACESⅡ-CV) and Chinese version of Stoma-Quality of Life (STOMA-QOL-C) to investigate the status of family cohesion and adaptability, family type and their impact on quality of life of 110 patients with enterostomy. Results Scores of family cohesion and adaptability averaged 59.15 ± 11.94, 47.32 ± 9.40,were significantly lower than 63.90 ± 8.00 and 50.90 ± 6.20 in the norm,and the difference was statistically significant (t=-4.171,-3.990, P<0.01).The family cohesion was positively correlated with the score of quality of life, social interaction and psychological burden(r=0.274, 0.284, 0.263, P<0.05), and the family adaptability was positively correlated with the score of quality of life,social interaction and psychological burden(r=0.316, 0.338, 0.228, P<0.05 or 0.01). The balance type family was 30 cases;scores of quality of life averaged 45.10±7.26, the intermediate type family was 50 cases;scores of quality of life averaged 43.48±9.98, the extreme type family was 28 cases;scores of quality of life averaged 43.37 ± 16.68, and difference between the three was no statistically significant(F=0.442, P=0.665). Conclusions In the nursing process of patients with enterostomy, health care workers should pay attention to improve family cohesion and adaptability, as to achieve the purpose of improving the quality of life of the patients.
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Objective To establish a method for the determination of aristolochic acid A in Jiuwei-Qianghuo pill. Method The HPLC system consisted of the Phenomenex Luna C18(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5μm)column, the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.05% H3PO4, gradient elution flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, the column temperature was 35℃, the UV detector was set at 250 nm.Results The linear response range was 0.014-0.280μg/ml(r=0.999 9). The detection limit and quantitation limit of aristolochic acid A in Jiuwei-Qianghuo pill was 1.5 and 4.5 ng/ml. The average recovery of aristolochic acid A was 96.3%. Conclusions The method was high sensitivity, accurate, repeatable and high secificity. It can be used as an inspection method for safe use of Jiuwei-Qianghuo pill.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the efficacy of short-term educational intervention for parents of preschool children with anxiety.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-nine children with Spence Preschool Anxiety Scale (SPAS) scores of ≥ 48 were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The children's parents in the intervention group received a collective curriculum on children's anxiety management six times, while the control group was only followed up. All children were evaluated for anxiety by the SPAS 3 and 6 months later, and then the results were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The test was completed in 21 cases of the intervention group and 22 cases of the control group. At month 3, the intervention group had a significantly lower percentage of children with SPAS scores of ≥ 48 than the control group (62% vs 91%; P<0.05), and this percentage was also significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group at month 6 (52% vs 82%; P<0.05). At month 3, the intervention group had a significantly reduced mean SPAS score, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (69 ± 12 vs 81 ± 12; P<0.01). At month 6, both groups showed significant decreases in SPAS score, but still the SPAS score was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (65 ± 13 vs 78 ± 13; P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Early short-term education for parents can relieve their preschool children's anxiety effectively, but the long-term effect needs to be evaluated by follow-up.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Anxiety , Therapeutics , Parents , Education , Psychiatric Status Rating ScalesABSTRACT
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 [BMP7]has been suggested to play a protecOriginal Article tive role against kidney injury in chronic kidney disease. To identify the critical molecular regulators in the early stage of diabetic ne-phropathy, we studied the expression of BMP? and 2 important kidney-specific markers, podocin and Tamm-Horsfall protein [THP]. A diabetic nephropathy model was established by intraperitone-ally injecting streptozotocin [STZ] in male Kunming mice. Kidney weight index was used as an indicator of early renal injury. Kidney tissue from the diabetic model mice was obtained at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and total protein was extracted to assess the expression of BMP?, podocin, and THP by western blot analysis. Diabetic model mice were successfully established, and the kidney weight index of the model animals increased significantly. The expression of BMP? was significantly downregulated, while the expression of THP was increased in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. However, the expression of podocin did not change. Our observations suggested that down-regulation of BMP? expression and up-regulation of THP expression were early events that occur prior to podocyte injury with the structure protein, podocin spoiled, which further confirmed that BMP? is a key molecular regulator in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy
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The emotional well-being of nurses working in a multi-skill setting may be negatively influenced by their challenging work environment. A qualitative; explorative; descriptive and contextual study was conducted to investigate this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experience; as well as perceptions of coping mechanisms; of nurses working in the multi-skill setting; and to formulate recommendations to promote their emotional well-being. The population consisted of nurses working in a multi-skill setting (a Level-2 hospital) and included professional nurses; enrolled nurses and nurse assistants. An all-inclusive sample was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three professional nurses; six enrolled nurses and one nurse assistant. These interviews were analysed according to the method described by Creswell (2003:192). The findings indicated that nurses have positive as well as negative experiences of the multi-skill setup. They cope by means of prioritising tasks; faith; self-motivation and mutual support. They also made suggestions for the promotion of their emotional well-being; on personal as well as managerial levels. Recommendations for further research; nurse education and practice were formulated. Recommendations for practice include 'on-the-spot' in-service training; appropriate task allocation; clearly defined scope of practice; time for rest and debriefing; strengthened relationships with management; promotion of strengths and creating a support system