effectiveness of beta adrenoceptor antagonists on progression of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in high fat diet-fed rats

The effects of carvedilol a third generation beta-blocker on progression of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus were compared to the prototypic non-selective beta-blocker, propranolol. Male albino rats were fed a high fat diet [HFD] for 3 months to induce insulin resistance and mild type 2 diabetes [T2DM] Oral administration of carvedilol [2 or 20 mg/kg], propranolol [30 mg/kg], or vehicle was started along with HFD in different groups. Indices of body composition and insulin resistance, oral glucose tolerance, fasting serum insulin levels, lipid profile, serum levels of lipid peroxidation markers as well as levels of advanced glycosylation end products were determined. In high fat-fed animals, an increase in body composition index, area under the oral glucose tolerance curve, fasting serum insulin, and insulin resistance were observed in comparison to normal diet controls. In addition, significant dyslipidemic changes were also observed in these animals. Moreover, in concordance with these hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic changes, HFD significantly increased serum levels of markers of lipid peroxidation and advanced glycosylation end products [AGEs]. On the other hand, beta-adrenergic blockers treatment showed better effects on glucose disposal, insulin levels, and insulin resistance. However, carvedilol treatments showed enhanced lipid profiles and lower AGEs when compared to propranolol treatment in HFD animals. These preferential metabolic effects of carvedilol can be attributed to its antioxidant effects and negative regulation of lipolysis. We concluded that carvedilol have protective effects against the development of insulin resistance and T2DM, in addition to amelioration of the consequent cardiovascular complications

Effect of chronic morphine treatment on carbohydrate metabolism and cortisol level in serum of rat

Decreases were recorded in body weight during the chronic administration of morphine sulphate which might result from decreasing food intake. Blood glucose level exhibited a highly significant decrease after 5 days, as chronicity progressed, the decrease became non-significant. The lactate and pyruvate levels of serum showed increases after 5, 10 and 15 days post-treatment that might reflect active utilization of carbohydrates during these phases of the experiment. A non-significant decline was recorded in both levels after 20 days of drug administration. Significant decreases were recorded in insulin level after 5, 15 and 20 days post-treatment. Marked declines of varying magnitudes were observed in hepatic glycogen content throughout the experiment. The data obtained point to the occurrence of active utilization of hepatic glycogen [glycogenolysis] in morphinized animals which is in concomitant with hypoglycemia and decreased insulin level recorded during the present study. The chronic administration of morphine sulphate induced highly significant decreases in cortisol level after 5 and 10 days which might suggest that morphine would appear to interfere with central nervous system pathways concerned with the control of cortisol suppression. With chronicity, non-significant declines were recorded indicating the development of tolerance

Sanitary condition of fresh fish fillets

A total of 50 random samples of fresh fish fillets collected from different localities were examined bacteriologically to find out their bacteriological quality. The mean values of aerobic plate counts at 20 C and 37 C, enterobacteriaceae count, Staph. aureus count, MPN of coliforms and MPN of E. coli for tested fish fillet samples were 26 x 10[6], 76 x 10[5], 24 x 10[5], 4 x 10[3], 2 x 10[4] and 2 x 10[2] organisms / gm. respectively. The aerobic plate counts at 37 C were obviously lower than 20 C as 52% of fillet samples were below 10[5] / gm and 82% did not exceed 16[6] / gm, while at 20 C 72% of samples were higher than 10[6] / gm. And 28% exceed 10[7] / gm. Salmonellae were not detected in any sample. Most of the samples showed high bacterial contamination as well as bacteria of faecal origin indicating insanitary handling and preparation. Suggestive hygienic measures for handling, preparation and storage of such fish product were discussed

Enterobacteriaceae in edible offals

One hundred samples of edible offals; 25 each of heart, liver, rumen and intestine were collected from retail outlets near abattoirs. Such samples were examined for enumeration, isolation and identification of enterobacteriaceae organisms. All examined samples contained enterobacteriaceae organisms with mean values 10 3 +/- 70, 2 x 10 4 +/- 4 x 10 2, 5 x 10 5 +/- 10 3 and 8 x 10 5 +/- 6 x 10 3 organisms per gram sample of heart, liver, rumen and intestine respectively. The following organisms could be isolated with different incidences from the examined samples; Citrobacter freundii, E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca. P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia alcalifaciens, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. newport, S. anatum, S. kottnus, Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens, Shigella and Y. enterocolitica

Occurrence of enterobacteriaceae in some Egyptian meat products

Fifty r and om samples of meat products [25 each of raw minced meat and fresh sausage] were collected from shops at Zagazig City. They were examined bacteriologically to investigate the incidence of coliforms and other members of Enterobacteriaceae group. The mean values of total Enterobacteriaceae and coliform counts for raw minced meat sample, were 1.6 x 10 6 and 10 6 and 10 x 10 4 cfu/g, while in fresh sausage, samples were 1.1 x 10 5 and 1.2 x 10 4 cfu/g respectively. E. coli [type I, typical], E. coli type II, intermediate type I, Citrobacter freundii, K. aerogenes, K. pneumonae, K. ed. var atlanta, K. ozaenae, Enterobacter aerogenes type II, Enterobacter cloacae irregular type II, Enterobacter liquifacium, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, Proteus, Mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be isolated from different samples with varying percentages. The sanitary and economic significance of existing organisms as well as control measures for production of meat products were discussed

Occurrence of enterobacteriaceae on frozen poultry for serving

Sixty samples from mixed and homogenized neck and precloacal skin [20 from each of frozen, thawed and rinsed chickens] as well as 20 samples from carcasses rinse water were collected from cattering establishment at Zagazig area and examined bacteriologically for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae with special reference to Salmonella. The log mean count of Enterobacteriaceae of skin samples was 4.80, 6.60 and 5.90 colonial forming unit [CFU]/g and that of rinse water was 7.40 CFU/ml, while coliforms log mean count was 4.50, 5.80, 5.40 and 7.30 CFU/g or ml in the examined frozen, thawed, rinsed chickens and rinse water, respectively. S. typhimurium and S. anatum could be isolated from thawed broilers with an incidence of 5% for each and from their rinse water with 10% and 5%, respectively. Moreover, S. dublin was recovered in two cases [10%] of broiler rinse water samples. Furthermore, E. coli, Ent. aerogenes, Ent. liquifacium, Klebsiella var. atlants, Klebsiella aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii and Pseudomonas spp. could be isolated from different samples with varying percentages

Sanitary condition of ready to eat fishes

A total of 40 samples of ready to eat fishes including grilled and fried fishes [20 from each] collected from different shops and restaurants of different sanitation levels in Cairo and Zagazig were examined bacteriologically to find out their bacteriological quality. The mean values of aerobic plate count, enterobacteriaceae count, staphylococci count, MPN of coliforms and MPN of E. coli for grilled fish samples were 2 x 10 6, 6 x 10 2, 6 x 10 3, 2 x 10 4 and 2 x 10 2 organisms/g, respectively, while in fried fish, samples were 9 x 10 4, 2 x 10 2, 4 x 10 2, 6 x 10 2 and 48 organisms/g, respectively. Salmonella and Shigella organisms failed detection in examined fish samples. Most of samples were contaminated by bacteria of fecal origin indicating unsanitary h and ling and preparation. Suggestive hygienic measures for h and ling, preparation and storage of ready to eat fishes were discussed

Histological studies on some Egyptian meat products

Forty-five samples of raw fresh meat products [15 each of sausage, hamburger and kofta] were collected from different localities at Giza and Zagazig. All samples were brought to the laboratory and immediately prepared for histological examination. Five sections were stained by calleja stain. The slides were mounted and examined microscopically to determine the different tissues in various samples. The results were classified into five groups according to the percentages of skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles, connective tissues, fatty tissues and spices and plant tissues could be detected in all examined samples beside they constitutes the highest components. Other tissues as cardiac muscles, cartilage, intestinal tissues, blood vessels, nerve tissues, hair and soya protein could be demonstrated with different percentages in the examined samples. 93.33% of sausage samples were not within the permissible limit recommended by Ministry of Industry [1977]. Suggestions were discussed