[Investigation of exon 1 in FXN gene in patients with clinical symptomatic of friedreich ataxia]

Friedreich's ataxia [FRDA] is an autosomal recessive disorder that is typically associated with dysarthria, muscle weakness, spasticity in the lower limbs, scoliosis, bladder dysfunction, absent lower limb reflexes, and loss of position and vibration sense. Approximately two-thirds of these patients suffer from cardiomyopathy and more than 30% have diabetes mellitus. Individuals with FRDA have identifiable mutations in the FXN gene. The most common type of mutation which is observed on both alleles in more than 98% of patients is an expansion of a GAA triplet-repeat in intron of FXN gene. Approximately 2% of individuals with FRDA are compound heterozygotes, who have a GAA expansion in the disease-causing range in one FXN allele and an inactivating FXN mutation in another allele. Aim of the present study was to investigate exon 1 in FRDA gene in patients with clinical symptoms of Friedreich's Ataxia that have not GAA triplet-repeat expansion in intron 1 of FXN gene. In this study, exon 1 in 5 patients suspected of FRDA analyzed using PCR and sequencing. An A to G transition at nucleotide number 815284, in exon 1 was observed in all patients. The results of this study showed that disease-causing homozygous mutations could be because of consanguinity marriage in Iran. Therefore, sequencing of all exons of the gene is necessary

[ in vitro comparison of micro-leakage of two self-etch adhesive and the onebottle adhesive used in pit and fissure sealant with or without saliva contamination]

Complete control of intra- oral moisture is difficult to achieve. To minimize the deleterious effects of contaminated enamel on bonding, some authors have advocated the use of adhesive systems under the sealant. The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of two self-etch adhesive and the one-bottle adhesive use in pit and fissure sealant with or without saliva contamination. Sixty extracted non-carious upper premolar teeth were assigned to the six groups of 10 teeth. Group 1: acid + saliva + Single Bond + sealant, Group 2: acid + Single Bond +sealant, Group 3: saliva + S3 Bond +sealant, Group 4: S[3] Bond + sealant, Group 5: saliva +Protect Bond+ sealant, Group 6: Protect Bond +sealant. The teeth were thermocycled [1000 cycles, 5-55[degree sign] c] and immersed in 2% basic Fuchsine dye for 24 hours. Then the teeth were sectioned and examined with a stereomicroscope under X40 magnification. The results were evaluated with Kruskal - Wallis and Dunn. Group 2 had lower microleakage scores than group 4 and 6. Also, group 6 has the lower microleakage scores than group 4 and generally an increase in microleakage was observed in each group related to contamination. The findings showed that the best technique of sealant therapy in saliva contaminated and non-contaminated condition is the use of acid-etching and bonding agent and so the use of self-etch adhesive, is not advised

[Review of hospital evaluation system in Iran]

This paper is trying to identify and analyze obstacles and problems, about hospital evaluation system in Iran, including the number of hospitals, the number of hospital Bed and required equipment and facilities, and how to assess workforce. Appropriate System evaluation requires a complete analysis of comprehensive standards with regard to country's cultural and health system. JCAH system is a standard and successful evaluation in system in health planning used in the U.S General comparison was done between the application of standards, evaluation of health education centers and the JCAH standards. Results shows there are no coordinate standards for evaluation of educational health centers in many cases. In Iran regarding patient satisfaction assessments there are differences between the two evaluating systems. As a conclusion this study shows that for good health center evaluation minimal set of requirements should be provided, otherwise evaluation will not lead to its goals