protective effects of ginseng extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue. Panax ginseng is believed to be a general tonic or adaptogen for promoting longevity and as medicinal herb due to their perceived potential health benefits. This work aimed studying the possible protective action of ginseng extract on liver cirrhosis induced by CCI[4]. To this end, 60 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups [n=10 each]: [i] normal control group, [ii] CCI[4] [4ml/kg, i.p., twice a week for 12 weeks, [iii] vitamin E [100 mg/kg daily for 12 weeks], [iv] ginseng extract [0.7 g/kg,p.o., daily dose for 12 weeks], [v] CCI[4] + vitamin E-treated groups, and [vi] CCI[4] + ginseng -treated groups. Twenty four hours later, blood and liver samples were collected for determination of prothrombin time, tumor necrosis factor a [TNF-alpha], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, liver content of reduced glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] and relative liver weight. Histopathological and histochemical examination of rats' livers for glycogen and DNA components were also performed. Results showed that CCI[4] administration induced significant increases in prothrombin time, TNF-a, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, MDA, relative liver weight and significant decrease levels of serum albumin, total protein and GSH as well as depletion of liver glycogen and fragmented hepatocytes DNA. Co-administration of ginseng extract with CCI[4] significantly increased level of serum albumin, total protein, GSH and reduced level of serum ALT, AST, ALP, TNF-alpha, prothrombin time and relative liver weight compared to CCI[4]-treated group. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed that ginseng extract decreased the cellular changes and cirrhosis induced by CCI[4] alone. Meanwhile, co-administration of ginseng extract with CCI[4] significantly increased liver glycogen and normalized DNA components. These data suggested that ginseng extract induces some protection against liver cirrhosis induced by CCI[4]

possible protective effects of melatonin and estrogen against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue. Melatonin is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae to human. Estrogens are a group of steroid compounds named for their importance in estrus cycle and function as a primary female sex hormone. This work aimed at studying possible protective action of each of melatonin and estrogen on liver cirrhosis induced by CCl[4]. To this end, 50 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups [n=10 each]: [i] normal control group, [ii] CCl[4] [0.4ml/100g, i.p., twice a week for 12 weeks, [iii] melatonin [0.2mg/100g, i.p., daily dose for 21 days], estrogen [0.1mg/100g, i.p., twice a week for 12 weeks], [iv] CCl[4+] melatonin and [v]CCl[4+]estrogen-treated groups. Twenty four hours later, blood samples were collected for determination of prothrombin time, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], albumin, total protein, total bilirubin and relative liver weight. Histopathological examination of rats' livers was also performed. Results showed that CCl[4] administration induced significant increase in prothrombin time, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, relative liver weight and significant decrease levels of serum albumin and total protein. Co-administration of melatonin with CCl[4] significantly increased level of serum albumin and total protein and reduced level of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, prothrombin time and relative liver weight compared to CCl[4]-treated group. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed that melatonin co-administration decrease the cellular changes induced by CCl[4] alone. Meanwhile, co-administration of estrogen with CCl[4] significantly reduced relative liver weight. Moreover, evaluation of liver tissue showed that estrogen co-administration slightly decrease the cellular changes induced by CCl[4]. These data suggested that melatonin and estrogen induce some protection against liver cirrhosis induced by CCl[4]

Diabetes mellitus: Current studies and hopes for tomorrow

After the discovery of insulin in 1921 [1], a vast number of studies have been carried out in order to improve methods of management, diagnosis and treatment of complications of diabetes mellitus. Animal insulin has been used successfully for a long period of time in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Since animal insulin is contaminated with other proteins [proinsulin, glucagon and other polypeptides], it may induce cellular and immune responses in man [2]. In addition, these contaminant peptides can act as adjuvants and enhance the immunogenicity of insulin molecules [3]. Highly purified insulin was introduced as a substitute for the conventional insulin by removal of contaminants to reduce insulin immunogenicity [2].the of goal of producing the purest insulin possible has led to methods of synthesizing human insulin [4]. During the last decade, many innovations have been reported as far as diabetes management and diagnosis are concerned. The goals have been to find comfortable ways to treat people with diabetes. Today people strive for makign the life of diabetic patients as close to normal as possible. Recent advances have allowed the lives of diabetic persons to be more flexible than ever. In the following pages, the most important innovations in diabetes management will be considered