Ultrasonography measurement and slit-lamp estimate of anterior chamber depth in adult Saudi Arabians

Purpose: The depth of the anterior chamber can be used to identify patients who are likely to develop primary angle closure glaucoma and those patients who should not be dilated prior to refraction as a precaution against inducing angle closure glaucoma. The aim of this study was to determine the average anterior chamber depth for adult Saudi Arabians of Arab origin. Methods A-mode ultrasonography and an optical technique were used to measure and estimate the anterior chamber depth. The latter technique involves using the slit-lamp without additional attachments. The procedure involves increasing the length of a horizontal slit until the corneal and iris/lens images appear just to touch [just-touching-slit-length]. Fifty-three men aged between 16 and 42 years and 37 women aged between 19 and 45 years were studied. Results The mean ultrasonographic anterior chamber depth in the women was 3.04mm compared with 3.3 1mm in the men. The average just-touching-slit-length was 2.25mm in the women and 2.65mm in the men, The ultrasonographic anterior chamber depth can be estimated by multiplying the just-touching-slit-length by 1.30. The optical method provides an anterior chamber depth estimate accuracy of approximately +/- 0.30mm, relative to the ultrasonographic technique. 16 and 45 years same age range. The average anterior chamber depth of adult Saudi Arabians between the ages of is similar to that of adult Northern Europeans and American Caucasians of the Men have a greater anterior chamber depth than women

upper eyelid position in Saudi Arabian men

Purpose To determine the average and the range of values of the upper lid margin-to-corneal reflex distance [ULCRD] of Saudi Arabian men and to compare them to known values for Saudi Arabian boys and Caucasian men. Such data could be useful in diagnosing and quantifying the degree of ptosis among Saudi men. Methods The subjects [N = 198, 396 eyes] were Saudi Arabian men of Arab origin aged between 16 and 26 years. All were students in secondary and tertiary institutions in the Riyadh area. Measurements of the ULCRD were obtained from projected frontal slide photographs of the subjects taken at a distance of 7m. Measured distances were converted to actual values by multiplying by a constant magnification factor. Results The average values of the ULCRD of the two eyes were similar. The average ULCRD of the right eye of all subjects was 3.49 mm +/- 0.8[range = 1.68 to 5.61 mm]. The average ULCRD asymmetry between the eyes was 0.06 mm +/- 0.48 [range = + 1.0 to -1.0 mm]. Conclusions The average value of the ULCRD of Saudi men is significantly higher than that of Saudi boys, whose average value is 3.05 mm +/- 0.79, but much lower than reported averages for Caucasians [4.5 mm, 4.1mm]. The reasons for the racial differences are not immediately clear because of inadequate demographic data on the Caucasian subjects. ULCRD asymmetry greater than 1.0 mm should be investigated further for evidence of ptosis

Hypoaccommodative convergence insufficiency: symptoms, diagnosis ad therapy

Hypoaccommodative convergence insufficiency is a relatively uncommon binocular vision abnormality characterized by low amplitude of accommodation and convergence, reduced AC/A ratio, blurred near vision, fatigue around the eyes, intermittent diplopia for near fixation, and frontal headaches. Hypoaccommodative convergence insufficiency is not amenable to orthoptic therapy and, consequently, an early differential diagnosis is clinically important. This report a case of hypoaccommodative convergence insufficiency associated with a peculiar symptom is presented. The physiological bases of the symptoms and the therapy are described

Normal Hertel ocular protrusion values in Saudi Arabian young men of Semitic origin

Knowledge of the protrusion of the eye is very important in the diagnosis and management of ocular and orbital diseases and some systemic diseases with ocular manifestations. The degree of ocular protrusion is racially dependent. Protrusion values should be compared to standard average values obtained from subjects of the same race, age and sex. The purpose of this study was to provide normal absolute and relative protrusion values for Saudi Arabian young men of Semitic origin, to compare the values to those obtained from subjects of other racial backgrounds, and to develop regression equations based on age and appropriate facial dimensions for the prediction of ocular protrusion. The study design was cross-sectional. Subjects were Saudi Arabian young men of Semitic origin attending the Ministry of Defense and Aviation middle and high school in Riyadh. The protrusion of the eyes was measured using a Flertel exophthalmometer. The inter outer orbital distance was measured by Flertel exophthalmometer and interpupillary distance was measured by pupillometer. were analyzed by age groups. One-way analyses of variance were used to test for any agc differences in the measured variables. Results The average protrusion value of the right eye for all subjects was 16.95 mm +/- 2.08. The corresponding value for the left eye was 17.02 mm +/- 2.06. The maximum relative protrusion was 2.00 mm. Regression equations relating ocular protrusion to age, inter outer orbital distance and interpupillary distance have been provided. Conclusions: The eyes of Saudi Arabian men of Semitic origin protrude more than those of Chinese and Caucasians and less than those of Blacks. A relative protrusion value greater than 2.0 mm may be indicative of proptosis in Saudi Arabian males of Semitic origin. Ocular protrusion tends to decrease with age

Normal canthal index and intercanthal dimensions in Saudi Arabian young men and boys of semitic origin

Knowledge of the normal dimensions of interocular and intercanthal distances in the local population could be helpful in syndrome diagnosis. In order to establish baseline standard values, we measured interpupillary distance [IPD], inter-inner-canthal and inter-outer-canthal distances, and calculated the canthal index [CI] in 200 boys [age 6 to 15 years] and 200 young men [age 16 to 22 years], phenotypically normal and of Saudi Arabian Semitic [as opposed to African] descent. A projected photographic technique was used. Average IPD for boys was 53.3 mm [range 50.6 to 60.1 mm; standard error of mean [SEM] 2.7 mm], and for young men 63.6 mm [range 62.1 to 65.2 mm; SEM 1.2 mm]. Average CI for boys was 39.1 [range 32.1 to 45.2; SEM 2.5], and for young men 36.9 [range 27.3 to 43.9; SEM 2.9]; this was higher than in comparative populations of North American Caucasian, African American, and Japanese descent. The underlying reason was found to be a relative ocular hypotelorism in the examined local population. Regression equations for the measured variables are offered. We also found that physically measured IPD was not significantly different from the IPD calculated mathematically