Effects of different exercise modalities on novel hepatic steatosis indices in overweight women with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fatty liver is a clinical and pathologic condition in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different exercise modalities on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices (fatty liver index [FLI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], hepatic steatosis index [HSI], and Framingham Steatosis Index [FSI]) in women with T2D. METHODS: Fifty-two women with T2D and a mean age of 55.07±5.92 yrs, body mass index (BMI) 28.94±4.09 kg/m² , and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 9.41±0.82% were randomized to a sprint interval training (SIT) (n=17), combined aerobic and resistance (A+R) training (n=17), or control group (n=18) for 10 weeks. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find differences between groups and the effects of time and Time×Group interactions after 10 weeks on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices. After this, ANOVA models were constructed to determine the effects of group allocation and change in non-alcoholic fatty liver indices. RESULTS: There were significant time interactions for FLI (P<0.001), HSI (P<0.001), and LAP (P<0.001). Also, there were significant Time×Group interactions for fasting blood glucose (P=0.034), and HbA1c (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight that exercise training, independent of mode of training, is an effective strategy to improve some indices related to hepatic steatosis and blood glucose profiles in women with T2D.

Effect of endurance training intensity [low, moderate and high] on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training intensity [low, moderate and high] on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats

Material and Method: 40 streptozotocin induced diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of eight, including low [DL , moderate [DM] and high intensity [DH] endurance training diabetic groups, diabetic control group [D], and healthy control group [Con]. Three sessions of endurance training with low intensity [DL[ equivalent to 5-8 m / min, moderate intensity [DM] equivalent to 17-14 m / min and high intensity [DH] equivalent to 25-22 m / min were performed every week for eight weeks. The relative expression of ATGL protein was measured with western blot technique. Serum insulin and glucose levels were measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the groups we used one way ANOVA test

Result: The results showed a significant difference in the expression of ATGL between the control and training groups [with low, moderate and high intensity][p=0.0002]. This difference was significant between DH and D [p=0.0049], DH and DL [p = 0.0053] and also between DH and DM [P = 0.0136] groups. Serum glucose levels were also significantly different between the DH group with the groups D [p = 0.002] and DL [p = 0.039], also, the DM group with groups D [p = 0.0018] and DL [p = 0.0165]. There was a significant difference in the amount of insulin in the DH group compared to the groups DL [p = 0.011], D [p = 0.0002], and the DM group with D [p = 0.014]

Conclusion: Moderate and high intensity endurance training can to some extent compensate for diabetes-induced reduction in the expression of ATGL protein and cause reduction of serum insulin and glucose levels in diabetic rats. It seems higher intensity of endurance training can lead to greater increase in expression of ATGL in diabetic rats

effect of resistance training on levels of interlukine-6 and high-sensitivity C - reactive protein in older-aged women

Introduction: Aging is associated with elevated levels of some proinflammatory factors and exercise is a non-invasive intervention to improve immune function among older adults .The aim of the study was to compare resistance training effects on interlukine-6 [IL-6] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] levels in older-aged women

Methods: The study was quasi-experimental and forty healthy females were selected and randomly assigned to one of four groups: strength after endurance training [endurance + strength [E + S], n = 9], strength prior to endurance training [strength + endurance [S + E], n = 10], interval resistance-endurance training [Int, n = 12], and control [n = 9] groups. The training program was performed for eight weeks, three times per week. Human TNF-alpha and IL-6 sandwich ELISA Kit were used. Within-group differences were analyzed using a paired samples t-test and between-group differences were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance

Results: The intra-session order had not significantly influence on the adaptive response of waist-to-hip ratio [p = 0.55], IL-6 [p = 0.55] and hs-CRP [p = 0.55] throughout the study. However, significant differences were shown following combined training between the S + E, E + S and Int groups for Vo2 max [p = 0.029], body mass [p = 0.016] and BMI [p = 0.023] when comparing pre and posttests

Conclusion: This study confirmed that adaptations to a combination of endurance and resistance training appear to be independent of whether resistance training occurs prior to or following endurance training

[Effect of three methods of combined training [strength and endurance] on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women]

Background and Aim: The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three methods of combined training [strength and endurance] on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women

Material and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 elderly women [mean agepf 60.34 +/- 0.82 years, mean height: 155 +/- 0.01 cm, and mean weight: 71.72 +/- 1.89 kg] were enrolled using purposeful method and then randomly assigned to four groups: strength + endurance [n=10], endurance + strength [n=9], circulation combined [n=12], and control [n=9] groups. Serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance index were measured before, and 48 hours after the last training session. Training programs were implemented three days a week for eight weeks. Paired t - test was used for evaluation of differences within each group and one-way ANOVA to compare the groups with one another

Results: After eight weeks of combined training, all three experimental groups showed significant reduction in weight, body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage, and glucose [P and le0.05]. Significant differences were found in weight [p=0.017] and BMI [p=0.023] between the 4 groups, but no significant differences were found in adiponectin and insulin resistance [p>0.05]

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, despite positive changes in body composition and body fat percentage, none of the three methods of combined training caused a significant change in serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in the overweight elderly women

Effect of body-weight-supported training exercises on functional ambulation profile in patients with paraplegic spinal cord injury

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of Body-Weight-Supported Treadmill Training [BWSTT] exercises on functional ambulation profile in patients with paraplegic spinal cord injury

Methods: This was a quasi experimental study with pre test and post test. The statistical population consisted of paraplegia spinal cord injured persons in Shahrekord City. Seventeen voluntary patients with paraplegic spinal cord injury [American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] B, C classification, with the demographic data [mean +/- SD] of age 32.53 +/- 1.793 y, height 175.71 +/- 1.658 cm, weight 71.59 +/- 2.442 kg, and Body Mass Index [BMI] 23.18 +/- 0.828 kg/m2] selected with convenience sampling. The subjects were randomly assigned to BWSTT group [n=10] and traditional exercise group [n=7]. Both groups were trained 60 min per session, 4 sessions per week for 12 weeks. BWSTT included 15 min warm up on fixed gear bike, 45 min BWSTT with 50% body weight and finally 10 mi cold down. About 10% load was added each week. Traditional exercises included 15 min warm up plus 45 min stretch exercise and resistance training. SPSS 19.0 software was used to examine between groups. An independent t test was used to compare the changes between pretest and post test between BWSTT and traditional training groups

Results: The data showed that there were significant differences between BWSTT and traditional groups with regard to changes in lower extremity motor score [P<0.001], walking index spinal cord injury [P=0.002], 6 min walking test[P=0.001], and 10 meter walking test [P=0.001]

Conclusion: BWSTT in comparison with traditional exercise can improve more motor function and quality and quantity of walking in people with paraplegic spinal cord injury [ASIA B, C classification]