Nicotine impact on testis, epididymis and semen pattern in adult male rats

Male reproductive function depends on integrity of seminiferous epithelium as well as integrity of accessory sex organs. Nicotine is the major component of tobacco that is responsible for deleterious effect of cigarette smoking. This study is designed to investigate influence of nicotine administration for variable durations on the structure and function of adult male rat genital system. A total number of 60 adult male three months aged albino rats were used. They were divided into four groups [15 animals each]. First group: the animals were served as control Second group: was treated by nicotine subcutaneously in a dose of 6 mg /kg/day for two weeks. Third group: was treated by nicotine in the same dose for four weeks. Fourth group was treated by nicotine in the same dose for nine weeks. Serum testosterone level of rats was .determined. The sperms were examined for estimation of percent of sperm alive, motility, abnormality, and protoplasmic droplets. The animals were sacrificed. Histological section of testis and epididymis were taken. Serum testosterone level of treated animals is reduced but it did not reach a significant level except after four weeks of treatment. The percentage of both the sperm alive, motility were significantly reduced even after two weeks of treatment with nicotine. Sperm abnormalities and percent of unripe [with protoplasmic droplets] showed significant progressive increase starting after two weeks. The testis shows thickening of the tunica propria and irregular basal lamina. Degeneration of germ cells especially with prolonged duration of exposure was observed. Nicotine consumption, especially with prolonged duration, has deleterious effect on male fertility potential

Changes in lung functions among patients with s mellitus

Clear decrements in lung function have been reported in patients with diabetes mellitus over the past two decades. However, at the present time, there are no reports of functional imitations of activity of daily living ascribable to pulmonary disease in patients with diabetes. To examine the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on pulmonary functions including spirometry, diffusion and lung volumes, also correlation of these functions with blood glucose level and duration of diabetes. 40 patients with diabetes mellitus 20 with type 1 and 20 with type 2 attending the outpatient clinic in Assiut university hospital were recruited in this study. They were subjected to through history and clinical examination and evaluation to exclude any air way diseases. Lung functions including spirometry, lung volumes and diffusion capacity were performed to these patients compared with 40 healthy age- matched volunteers as a control group. For spirometric study, the mean value of FVC, FEV1, PEF25-75 were significantly reduced in both males and females in both types of diabetes, while FEV1/FVC was reduced significantly only in females with type 1 diabetes. For lung volumes, there was significant increase in RV, FRC RV/TLC and significant reduction in TLC in male patients in both types of diabetes. In females, there was no significant difference in mean values of RV, FRC, but significant reduction in TLC and significant increase in RV/TLC in type 1. In type 2, there was significant increase in RV, RV/TLC and significant increase in TLC with no significant difference in FRC. For diffusion capacity, the mean values of DLCO and KCO were significantly decreased in both males and females with type 1diabetes, while this reduction in type 2 was not statistically significant. Spirometric functions and lung volumes were significantly affected in both types of diabetes mellitus, while the diffusion capacity of CO and transfer coefficient were only significantly decreased in type 1. There is a negative correlation of pulmonary functions with blood glucose level and duration of diabetes

Effect of training programs on some pulmonary functions and physical work capacity of students of faculty of physical education of Assiut University

This study included 400 students of Faculty of Physical Education of Assuit University of both sexes. It was carried out to study the effect of the Faculty training program on some pulmonary function test, maximum oxygen consumption [VO[2max]], physical work capacity [PWC[170]], ratio and oxygen saturation. The study showed the following: Pulmonary function test values: at the start of the studying year, the mean values of pulmonary function test showed non-significant change in all studied groups after Karpman test on comparing with those before it [males and females]. The values of male and female students significantly increased with training progress [from the start of the training period till the end of twenty week]. The values of the fourth year [male and female] students were significantly higher than that of the first year students. The values of male students were higher than that of the female among all studied grades. Physical work capacity [PWC[170]] and VO[2max]: the mean values of [PWC[170]] and VO[2max] of all students [male and female] were progressively increased with training period from the start of the studying year to the period of ten weeks after the start. After that, no significant changes could be recorded on comparing with that after twenty week. The mean values of the fourth year students were the highest while the first year values are the lowest both in male and female students, The mean values of male were higher than that of the female in all studied groups. The ratio [PWC[170] to the weight]: the mean values of the ratio [PWC[170] to the weight] of both male and female students increased progressively with the training period till the end of the twenty weeks, The mean values of female ratio were higher than that of the male in all studied groups. Oxygen saturation: the mean values of both male and female students were not affected by training progress. The mean values of oxygen saturation of male students were significantly higher than that of female students. There was non-significance decrease in oxygen saturation in both male and female students after Karpman test

Protective effects of oleanolic acid and vitamine E on thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in cadmium- induced toxicity in rats

The effect of oleanolic acid or vit. E on heavy metal [cadmium] -induced thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in male rats was studied. The animals divided into 3 groups each of which 6 rats. The first group were injected with 1mg/kg/day cadmium chloride, 1% solution in distilled water subcutaneously daily for 30 days. The second group were injected simultaneously with equivalent dose of cadmium chloride [1mg/kg/day] subcutaneously and oleanolic acid in a dose of 5 mg/kg/day, 2% suspension in 2% tween 80 intramuscularly for 30 days. The third group were injected simultaneously with equivalent dose of cadmium chloride [1mg/kg/day] subcutaneously and vit. E, in a dose of 100mg/kg [5% solution in saline] intramuscularly for 30 days. The control groups were divided into 3 groups. The first group was treated with distilled water, the second one was treated with tween 80 and lastly the third group was trated with saline. Cadmium chloride treatment alone led to decrease in concentrations of serum thyroid hormones, zinc and copper concentration [p<0.01]. In addition, a significant increase in both malondialdyhyde [MDA] levels and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] has been observed by Cd-treatment alone [p<0.01]. Treatment with either oleanolic acid or vit.E improved the metal-induced decrease in serum thyroid function. Treatment with oleanolic acid lead to decrease in levels of blood and hepatic malondialdyhyde but remain higher than normal rates [47.14 +/- 0.82 micro mol/L and 119 +/- 0.86 micro mol/g wet tissue, respectively]. However, treatment with Cd and vit. E restored blood and hepatic malondialdyhyde levels toward normal values [34.7 +/- 0.65 micro mol/L and 100.4 +/- 1.44 micro mol/g wet tissue, respectively]. The effect of vit. E combined with cadmium is significant compared with the effect of oleanolic acid treatment with cadmium [p<0.01]. The protective effect of each oleanolic acid or vit. E against cadmium-induced thyroid dysfunction is mediated through its antioxidative action

Effects of henna leaf [lawsonia inermis] on biochemical and pathological alterations in chemically-induced cancer breast in albino female rats

Breast cancer is one of the most common and treatable of all-human malignancies. The development of breast cancer is associated with oxidative stress, Henna leaf [Lawsonia inermis,] has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effect as well. This study is designed to investigate the effects of henna leaf on the chemically-induced cancer breast in albino female rats. Thirty albino female rats of 45 F days age were used. The animals were divided into three groups 10 animals each. Group I [control group], group II received the carcinogenic substance 7, 12-dimethyl benz [a] anthracene [DMBA,] intraperitonially, in single dose of 10 mg that can induce palpable mammary masses within 90 days and group III received the carcinogenic substance by the same concentrations, duration and the same route as in group II till induced palpable mammary masses then treated orally once daily for one month with 200 mg/kg body weight of henna leaf extract. Blood samples were collected from the three groups and the serum used for determination of estradiol hormone and lipid bound sialic acid. The animals then sacrificed and specimens were taken from the breast tumor tissues and tissue homogenate was done for determination of nitric oxide [NO] and total glutathione. Another specimen was taken from the breast tumor tissues and processed for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Group II showed that DMBA administration caused a significant increase in the serum level of both estradiol and lipid bound sialic acid, Also, DMBA induced a significant increase in the level of NO and a significant decrease in the level of total glutathione in breast tumor tissues homogenate. The palpable masses were rubbery in consistency, whitish cut surface with focal ulceration of the overlying skin. Mammary adenocarcinomas with a prevailing cribriform pattern were seen in DMBA treated group. Group III showed that treatment with henna induced a significant decrease of serum estradiol level as well as a decrease in the serum level of lipid bound sialic acid. Also henna caused a significant decrease in NO and a significant increase in the level of total glutathione in breast tumor tissues homogenate. As regard the lesions size there were marked reduction in them in all animals. Histologically, group III breast masses showed extensive areas of necrosis, and exhibited stromal reaction composed of admixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, and fibroblasts [signs of regression,]. Histopathological assessment also demonstrated cellular morphological features of apoptosis in both malignant and dysplastic cells. We can conclude that the effects of henna leaf on breast cancer induced chemically by DMBA are incomplete and exerted mainly through a decrease of free radicals and increase in the antioxidant level

Histological and physiological studies to evaluate the protective effect of honey on paracetamol induced testicular lesions in adult male rats

Paracetamol is one of the commonly used analgesics and antipyretics, however paracetamol related lesions were observed in the liver, kidney and reproductive organs [testis and ovary]. Honey is one of the known medicine that has been found to have a significant antioxidant content, so, it acts as a free radical scavenger. The purpose of this study is a trial to evaluate the protective effect of honey on the testicular lesions induced by paracetamol. Thirty adult male albino rats, weight [200-250 gm] were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into three groups [I,II and III]. Group I: was kept as control. Group II: was treated by paracetamol once daily for one month by oral route in a dose of 800 mg/kg. Group III: treated with honey in a dose of 2.5 gm/kg once daily for one month concomitant with paractetamol. Blood samples were taken for determination of testosterone, lipid peroxide and total glutathione. The animals then sacrificed and specimens were taken from the testes and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Tissue homogenate was taken for determination of lipid peroxide and total glutathione. In paracetamol treated animals [Group II] showed some altered somniferous tubules as well as few degenerated tubules. Within the tubules, multiple vocuoles were present between the germ cells as well as inside their cytoplasm secially in the spermatids, also some of the supermatids showed well developed golgi complex as well as mitochondrial changes and multinucleated giant cells. Some of the tubules showed folded irregularly outlined basement memberane. Some leydig cells appeared dark, degenerated while others showed dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The same animal, showed that paracetamol treatment caused a significant reduction in serum testosterone level. Also, paracetamol induced increase in the level of free radical [lipid peroxide] and decreased level of antioxidant [total glutathione] both in serum and testicular tissue. Honey treated animals, concomitant with paracetamol [Group III] showed a reduction in the number of altered and/or degenerated tubules with reduction in the degenerative changes in germ cells. Few degenerated leydig cells could be detected. The same animals, showed significant elevation of serum testosterone level as well as a decrease in lipid peroxide and on increase in total glutathiolne [in serum and testicular tissue]. The protective effect of honey on paracetamol induced testicular lesions was incomplee and exerted mainly throught a decrease of free radicals and increase in the antioxidant level