Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal woman

To determine the prevalence of stress, urge [detrusor overactivity], and mixed urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women, A cross sectional study was conducted in Al-Azhar university hospitals [El-Hussein and Bab-El sharia hospitals], Cairo, Egypt. The study recruited 270 postmenopausal women attending the gynecologic clinics in the two studied hospitals, from the 1[st] of January 2006 through July 2008. Before enrollment, a verbal consent to participate was taken from the patients and pre-designed questionnaires on prevalence and type of incontinence were completed. The questionnaire data included factors potentially associated with incontinence including demographics, reproductive and medical histories, height, weight, and waist-to-hip circumference ratio. Multivariate logistic models to determine independent associations between those factors and weekly incontinence by type were performed. Out of the studied 270 patients, 152 [56%] had weekly incontinence. The mean [ +/- standard deviation [SD] age of all patients was 57 +/- 7 years. In multivariate analyses, the prevalence of weekly stress urinary incontinence was higher in women with higher body-mass index [BMI] [OR= 1.1 per 5 units increase, 95% CI 1.0-1.3], and higher waist-to-hip ratio [OR 1.2 per 0.1 unit increase, 95% CI=1.0-1.4]. The prevalence of weekly urge incontinence was higher in older women [OR=1.2 per 5 years, 95% CI=1.1-1.3], and increased one half times in diabetic women [OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-2.0], and two times in women who had reported two or more urinary tract infections in the prior year [OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.1-3.6]. Stress and urge [detrusor overactivity] incontinence are common in postmenopausal women and have different risk factors, suggesting that approaches to risk-factor modification and prevention also might differ and should be specific to types of incontinence

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide and iodine Potassium iodide as root canal medicaments

M: Evaluation of the antibacteriaI activity of Calcium hydroxide and Iodine potassium iodide as root canal medicaments

Aim: compare the disinfection efficacy of iodine potassium iodide and calcium hydroxide, solitary and combined, after culturing the bacterial flora of infected pulps

Methodology: Equivalent mixtures of Ca[OH]2 with sterile normal saline [S], camphorated paramonochlorophenol [CMCP] and with 2% Iodine potassium iodide [2% IKI] were compared to 2% IKI for their ability to disinfect necrotic root canals after tooth preparation. Ca[OH]2 pastes and 2%IKI solution were carried info 120 single-rooted extracted human teeth with sterile paper points and removed after 1, 3 and 7 days from the root canals then, evaluating its antibacterial activity, in vitro, of selected bacterial strains by Agar diffusion test and by Direct exposure test. Microbial growth was evaluated by turbidity of the culture medium. Antimicrobial efficacy of tested solution and pastes against Enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans was assayed and statistically analyzed

Results: enterococcus faecalis., staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were presented in all 120 root canals tested after the first bacterial cultures. The mean value percentages of its presence are 58.33%, 64.2% and 69.2%, respectively. The second bacterial cultures taken after the medication of the root canals showing negative bacterial growth at all the times tested [1, 3 and 7 days] when using [Ca [OH]2 mixed with 2% IKl] paste and using 2% lKI solution against all the tested bacteria. [Ca[OH]2 mixed with [CMCP]] paste is effective after 3 and 7 days against E. faecalis. Ca [OH]2 mixed with normal saline are ineffective against c. faecalis at all times, but effective against S. aureus and S. mutans at all times. By the agar diffusion test the mean value or inhibition zone diameter of2%, IKI against E. faecalis which is the most resistant bacteria [13mm], while it is [13.7mm] against S. aureus and S. mutans. But when using Ca[OH]2 + 2%IKI against E. faecalis [12mm] and against S. aureus and S. mutans [12.3mm]. Ca[OH]2 + CMCP against E. faecalis [11.5mm] and [12.4mm] against S. aureus and S. mutans Ca[OH]2 mixed with normal saline against E. faecalis [zero mm] and against S. aureus and S. mutans [11.7mm]. When using the direct exposure test. Calcium hydroxide mixed with CMCP was effective only after 3 days against all the selected bacterial strains. Iodine potassium iodide [2% IKI] was effective against all the selected bacterial strains used after 1, 3 and 7 days

Conclusion: under the conditions of this study, mixing Ca [OH]2 powder with CMCP or 2% IKI solution provide an increased antimicrobial effect compared to a conventional Ca [OH] 2/saline medication against E. faecalis