ABSTRACT
Intestinal normal flora can become reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes present among the strains responsible for nosocomial infections. It is suggested that gram negative intestinal bacterial flora have increased capacities to obtain antibiotic resistance genes and therefore can act as main reservoirs for transfer of resistance genes to other pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to compare fecal carriage of clinically important resistance markers for more frequent members of enterobacteriacae between nondiarrheal and community associated diarrheal patients [control group] versus their counterparts from the patients with nosocomial infections [case group]. 261 stool and 190 clinical samples were collected from outpatient and hospitalized patients from 6 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates and colonies were identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates against 13 antibiotics was performed according to the CLSI guideline using the disk diffusion method. Among stool and clinical samples, more frequent identified enterobacteriaceae bacteria were included E. coli [58.99/ 3.15%], Klebsiella spp. [22.61/7.36%], and other members of enterobacteriaceae [8.86/1.06%], respectively. Overall, resistance against four of the main antibiotics [3[th] and 4[th] generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin] was significantly higher among the case group [50-75% versus 10-14%]. Analysis of these results showed similar dissemination of resistance phenotypes among the isolates from the control group in ranges of 1.5-7.6% and 4.4% for E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. Our results suggested that the fecal carriage of resistant phenotypes related to the beta-lactam antibiotics in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in compare to the clinical isolates is rapidly increasing. This may be caused by dissemination of beta-lactamase producing E. coli in the community from the hospitals. There were no significant correlations between the two groups of the samples, as the clinical samples had shown 3 to 7 folds excess resistance phenotypes. Surveillance studies of the resistance patterns among the samples from different regions will provide awareness about dissemination of these bacteria within the community as reservoirs of main resistance markers
ABSTRACT
Lorestan and other part of Iran are one of the important endemic focuses for the major zoonotic parasitic diseases like cystic hydatid disease where several species of intermediate host are commonly infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Meat inspection records in a slaughtered house were used to determine the prevalence of Hydatidosis in sheep, cattle, and goats in Lorestan province [Aleshtar] located in South-West of Iran. The data were collected during a 5 year period from 2002 to 2006. A total of 40,431 animals [cattle 6993; sheep 14084; goats 19354] slaughtered in the 5-year period and overall 2885 [7.13%] lungs and 2885 [7.13%] livers and 1598 [3.95%] peritoneal cavity were contaminated by hydatid cyst. One thousand and eight hundred sixty eight [26.71%] out of 6993 of cattle, 2989/14084 [21.22%] of sheep and 2511/19354 [12.97%] of goats were infected by hydatid cyst in liver, lung and peritoneal cavity respectively. This study indicates that the highest prevalence of Hydatidosis was found in Aleshtar, Lorestan as compared to the rest of Iran [p<0.05]. The annual prevalence of lung condemnations due to hydatidosis was increased from 8.3, 5 and 1.3% in Sep 2002 to Sep 2003 to 20.5, 8 and 5.5% in Sep2005 to Sep2006 for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. An urgent attention is required to work on lack of awareness among farmers, lack of a policy to destroy the infected organs, prevention of access of dogs to raw offal's and other responsible factors