ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Suicide among physicians constitutes a public health problem that deserves more consideration. A recently performed meta-analysis and systematic review evaluated suicide mortality in physicians by gender and investigated several related risk factors. It showed that the post-1980 suicide mortality was 46% higher in female physicians than among women in the general population, while the risk in male physicians was 33% lower than among men in general, despite an overall contraction in physician mortality rates in both genders. Methods This narrative review was conducted by searching and analyzing articles/databases that were relevant to addressing questions raised by a prior meta-analysis and how they might be affected by COVID-19. This process included unstructured searches on Pubmed for physician suicide, burnout, judicialization of medicine, healthcare organizations, and COVID-19, and Google searches for relevant databases and medical society, expert, and media commentaries on these topics. We focus on three factors critical to addressing physician suicides: epidemiological data limitations, psychiatric comorbidities, and professional overload. Results We found relevant articles on suicide reporting, physician mental health, the effects of healthcare judicialization, and organizational involvement on physician and patient health, and how COVID-19 may impact such factors. This review addresses information sources, underreporting/misreporting of physician suicide rates, inadequate diagnosis and management of psychiatric comorbidities and the chronic effects on physicians' work capacity, and, finally, judicialization of medicine and organizational failures increasing physician burnout. We discuss these factors in general and in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions We present an overview of the above factors, discuss possible solutions, and specifically address how COVID-19 may impact such factors.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To identify suicide rates and how they relate to demographic factors (sex, race and ethnicity, age, location) among physicians compared to the general population when aggravated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: We searched U.S. databases to report global suicide rates and proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) among U.S. physicians (and non-physicians in health occupations) using National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) data and using Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) in the general population. We also reviewed the effects of age, suicide methods and locations, COVID-19 considerations, and potential solutions to current challenges. Results: Between NOMS1 (1985-1998) and NOMS2 (1999-2013), the PMRs for suicide increased in White male physicians (1.77 to 2.03) and Black male physicians (2.50 to 4.24) but decreased in White female physicians (2.66 to 2.42). Conclusions: The interaction of non-modifiable risk factors, such as sex, race and ethnicity, age, education level/healthcare career, and location, require further investigation. Addressing systemic and organizational problems and personal resilience training are highly recommended, particularly during the additional strain from the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of chronic disability. Less than a quarter of moderate and severe TBI patients improved in their cognition within 5 years. Non-invasive brain stimulation, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), may help neurorehabilitation by boosting adaptive neuroplasticity and reducing pathological sequelae following TBI. Methods: we searched MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases. We used Jadad scale to assess methodological assumptions. Results: the 14 papers included reported different study designs; 2 studies were open-label, 9 were crossover randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and 3 were parallel group RCTs. Most studies used anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but montages and stimulation parameters varied. Multiple studies showed improved coma recovery scales in disorders of consciousness, and improved cognition on neuropsychological assessments. Some studies showed changes in neurophysiologic measures (electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), correlating with clinical findings. The main methodological biases were lack of blinding and randomization reports. Conclusion: tDCS is a safe, non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that can be given as monotherapy but may be best combined with other therapeutic strategies (such as cognitive rehabilitation and physical therapy) to further improve clinical cognitive and motor outcomes. EEG and TMS may help guide research due to their roles as biomarkers for neuroplasticity.
RESUMO. A lesão cerebral traumática (TCE) é uma das principais causas de incapacidade crônica. Menos de um quarto dos pacientes com TCE moderada e grave melhoraram sua cognição dentro de cinco anos. A estimulação cerebral não invasiva, incluindo a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), pode ajudar na reabilitação neurológica, aumentando a neuroplasticidade adaptativa e reduzindo as sequelas patológicas após o TCE. Métodos: pesquisamos os bancos de dados MEDLINE / PubMed e Web of Science. Usamos a escala de Jadad para avaliar os métodos utilizados nos ensaios clínicos. Resultados: os 14 artigos incluídos relataram diferentes desenhos de estudo; 2 estudos foram abertos, 9 foram ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) cruzados e 3 foram ECR de grupos paralelos. A maioria dos estudos utilizou a ETCC anódica do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo, mas os parâmetros de montagem e estimulação variaram. Múltiplos estudos mostraram melhoras nas escalas de recuperação de coma em pacientes com distúrbios da consciência e melhora da cognição. Alguns estudos mostraram alterações nas medidas neurofisiológicas (eletroencefalografia (EEG) e estimulação magnética transcraniana (EMT)), correlacionando com os achados clínicos. Os principais vieses metodológicos foram a falta de relatos de cegamento e randomização. Conclusão: a ETCC é uma técnica neuromodulatória segura e não invasiva que pode ser administrada em monoterapia, mas a utilização da ETCC parece impulsionar os resultados clínicos quando combinada com outras estratégias terapêuticas (como reabilitação cognitiva e fisioterapia). O EEG e o EMT podem ajudar a orientar a pesquisa e tambem mensurar os ganhos clínicos por serem potenciais biomarcadores da neuroplasticidade.