ABSTRACT
To identify mental disorders and their prevalence in patients with retinitis pigmentosa [RP]. This descriptive study was carried out between January 2009 and January 2010 on 417 patients with RP, who were members of Iran RP Center. The necessary data were collected using questionnaires consisting two parts: The background characteristics and questions assessing the mental health and screening personality and psychosocial disorders, which were designed based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with Chi-square test to assess the relationship between background characteristics and each mental disorder. Scores in the range of 30 and 70 were considered normal. Patients with RP suffered from eight mental disorders with the following prevalence: Obsessive compulsive disorder [39.3%], schizophrenia [38.1%], antisocial personality [37.6%], paranoia [36.7%], hypochondrias [35.3%], depression [31.2%], hysteria [26.9%], and hypomania [23.7%]. No one had all the eight mental disorders simultaneously. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder, paranoia, depression, and hysteria and background characteristics. A significant association was found between schizophrenia and on-set of RP [P = 0.047]. Furthermore, a significant association was seen between hypochondrias and educational level [P = 0.026] as well as income [P = 0.037], and smoking [P = 0.009]. There was also a significant association between hypomania and marital status [P = 0.027]. The findings showed that RP might lead to various mental disorders, especially obsessive compulsive disorder
ABSTRACT
Loss of the penis can have a devastating effect on the lives of sufferers with significant psychogenic implications. Penile reconstruction or phallus construction poses a difficult challenge and a demanding problem to the urologists and plastic surgeons. Different techniques have been used for construction of a total penis and reconstruction of severely injured penis. The objective of this review was to determine the efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of the most popular penile reconstruction [PR] and phallus construction techniques. We searched without language restriction MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL] from January 1960 to January 2009. In addition, we searched the citation lists of relevant articles and book chapters. Studies evaluating the functional and cosmetic results of different techniques of total phallus construction [TPC] and penile reconstruction [PR] were identified. Two authors independently evaluated studies for selection, study quality, and extracted data. The primary outcome was creation of a sensate and cosmetically acceptable phallus. The secondary outcomes were competent neourethra that allows voiding in comfortable position, sexual intercourse, and the rate of complications. One hundred and forty-six studies with a total of 1622 patients were included in this review. Data from the available studies are insufficient to recommend any technique for TPC or PR. In the absence of evidence to support any method, the review authors recommend the one-stage TPC or PR. Further studies are warranted, preferably multi-centered studies