ABSTRACT
Since liver is a gland which has an important role in drug metabolism, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dose and repeated administration of morphine on LFT, blood sugar and fasting insulin resistance index in fructose- fed male rats. The experiment was performed on 36 Wistar-Albino male rats, which were divided into a control [A] and three tests groups [B, C and D]. The control group consumed tap water, but the test groups consumed fructose-enriched water [10%, w/v] and received null, single, and repeated doses of morphine, respectively. At the end, animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected. Liver enzymes, insulin and insulin resistance were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-11, using ANOVA and Tukey tests as post hoc test. Results were expressed as mean +/- SD and Statistical differences were recognized significant by p<0.05. The results showed that all test groups were insulin resistant; alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and asparatate aminotransferase [AST] activity values in group D significantly increased compared to other groups while its plasma glucose and insulin values showed a significant decrease in comparison to other test groups. It seems that repeated morphine administration can affect liver function test [LFT] and fasting Insulin resistance index [FIRI] in fructose- fed male rats
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Migraine is a refer pain which is common in adults and children. Migraine and its frequently limits the daily life activities. Since medical students are subjected to stresses regarding lots of tests and the implicit responsibility to the courses, the purpose of the present study carried out to evaluate the prevalence of migraine among medical students in Zahedan University. Methods: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was performed on 210 [male 94 and female 116] medical students in Zahedan faculty of Medicine during an academic year [2005 to 2006]. The questionnaire was specified on demographic data and headache questions based on International Headache Society [IHS]. Students' Migraine was confirmed by clinical interviews, general physical and neurological examinations then the data obtained were analyzed using v 11 of SPSS, Chi square. Afterward the percentage and the mean [+/- SD] along with the statistical difference [P<0.05] of the T-tests were calculated. Results and Discussion: The present study showed that the rate of headache during recent academic years was 90.5% in males and 88.8 % in females. The prevalence of migraine was 7.14 % in both sex [migraine without aura 4.29% and migraine with aura 2.86%]. The most common of migraine triggers was stress, [73%] sleeplessness [52.5%], too much reading [39.25%] and fasting [39.55%]. In this sense the moderate light and severe incidence were 52.27%, 38.18% and 9.09%. The prevalence of migraine did not have any relations with gender but there was a relation between having migraine and number of studying years