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1.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 69(2): 82-87, abr.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134945

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the accuracy of two semantic categories of the verbal fluency test (supermarket and animal categories) to separate healthy elderly individuals and lower educated Alzheimer's disease patients. METHODS: We evaluated 69 older adults with less than 5 years of schooling, consisting of 31 healthy elderly, and 38 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Semantic verbal fluency was evaluated using the animal and supermarket categories. Mann-Whitney U and Independent t Tests were used to compare the two groups, and the diagnostic accuracy of the tests was analyzed by sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio's, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC). RESULTS: We found a significant difference between the healthy older and Alzheimer's disease groups, in both, animal (p = 0.014) and supermarket verbal fluency (p < 0.001). The supermarket category showed better overall diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.840, 95% CI = 0.746-0.933; p < 0.001) compared to the animal category (AUC = 0.671, 95% CI = 0.543-0.800; p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: The supermarket category of semantic verbal fluency provides better accuracy than the animal category for the identification of dementia in a Brazilian elderly population with low educational level.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia de duas categorias semânticas do teste de fluência verbal (categorias de supermercado e animal) para separar idosos saudáveis e pacientes com doença de Alzheimer com baixa escolaridade. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 69 idosos com menos de 5 anos de escolaridade, consistindo em 31 idosos saudáveis e 38 pacientes diagnosticados com a doença de Alzheimer. A fluência verbal semântica foi avaliada nas categorias animal e supermercado. O teste de Mann-Whitney U e o teste t independente foram usados para comparar os dois grupos, e a precisão diagnóstica dos testes foi analisada por sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de verossimilhança e área sob a curva (AUC). RESULTADOS: Encontramos uma diferença significativa entre os grupos de idosos saudáveis e com doença de Alzheimer, tanto na fluência verbal de animais (p = 0,014) quanto na de supermercado (p < 0,001). A categoria supermercado apresentou melhor precisão diagnóstica geral (AUC = 0,840; IC 95% = 0,746- 0,933; p < 0,001) em comparação com a categoria animal (AUC = 0,671; IC 95% = 0,543-0,800; p = 0,014). CONCLUSÃO: A categoria supermercado de fluência verbal semântica fornece melhor acurácia do que a categoria animal para a identificação de demência em uma população idosa brasileira com baixo nível educacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Semantics , Verbal Behavior , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Educational Status , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Mental Status Schedule
2.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 42(3): 286-294, May-June 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132069

ABSTRACT

Objective: To translate, establish the diagnostic accuracy, and standardize the Brazilian Portuguese version of the European Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB) considering schooling level. Methods: We first completed an English-Brazilian Portuguese translation and back-translation of the CNTB. A total of 135 subjects aged over 60 years - 65 cognitively healthy (mean 72.83, SD = 7.71; mean education 9.42, SD = 7.69; illiterate = 25.8%) and 70 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (mean 78.87, SD = 7.09; mean education 7.62, SD = 5.13; illiterate = 10%) - completed an interview and were screened for depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to verify the accuracy of each CNTB test to separate AD from healthy controls in participants with low levels of education (≤ 4 years of schooling) and high levels of education (≥ 8 years of schooling). The optimal cutoff score was determined for each test. Results: The Recall of Pictures Test (RPT)-delayed recall and the Enhanced Cued Recall (ECR) had the highest power to separate AD from controls. The tests with the least impact from schooling were the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS), supermarket fluency, RPT naming, delayed recall and recognition, and ECR. Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the CNTB was well comprehended by the participants. The cognitive tests that best discriminated patients with AD from controls in lower and higher schooling participants were RPT delayed recall and ECR, both of which evaluate memory.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Translations , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Mental Recall , Reference Values , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Educational Status , Executive Function
3.
Rev. bras. psiquiatr ; 40(3): 264-269, July-Sept. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-959233

ABSTRACT

Objective: To validate the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale for use in Brazil (RUDAS-BR). Methods: We first completed an English-Brazilian Portuguese translation and back-translation of the RUDAS. A total of 135 subjects over 60 years of age were included: 65 cognitively healthy and 70 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) according to the DSM-IV and Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. All participants completed an interview and were screened for depression. The receiver operating characteristic curves of the RUDAS were compared with those of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) regarding the sensitivity and specificity of cutoffs, taking education into consideration. Results: The areas under the curve were similar for the RUDAS-BR (0.87 [95%CI 0.82-0.93]) and the MMSE (0.84 [95%CI 0.7-0.90]). RUDAS-BR scores < 23 indicated dementia, with sensitivity of 81.5% and specificity of 76.1%. MMSE < 24 indicated dementia, with sensitivity of 72.3% and specificity of 78.9%. The cutoff score was influenced by years of education on the MMSE, but not on the RUDAS-BR. Conclusions: The RUDAS-BR is as accurate as the MMSE in screening for dementia. RUDAS-BR scores were not influenced by education. The RUDAS-BR may improve the cognitive assessment of older persons who are illiterate or of lower educational attainment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Geriatric Assessment , Dementia/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Translations , Severity of Illness Index , Brazil , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Dementia/psychology , Educational Status , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Language
4.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 10(2): 74-78,
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-785893

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Dementia is a global socio-medical problem. The steepest increase in prevalence occurs in Latin-America and Asia. European governments have implemented dementia plans to improve care. We describe common goals of European dementia plans and discuss the Brazilian situation. Sixteen European countries have governmental dementia plans, another four are set to launch them. These plans have some common goals: to raise general awareness on dementia and reduce stigma, to establish more diagnostic centers and increase the number of people with correct diagnoses, to provide integrated care that improves quality of care and quality of life, and to promote educational programs for family and professional carers. European dementia plans have contributed toward raising awareness about dementia. More reference centers for diagnostic evaluations have been established and successful educational programs have been run. Integrated care is still a challenge in most countries. Brazil needs a plan. Facilitators and barriers for implementation should be identified by studying the European plans.


RESUMO Demência é uma problema medico-social mundial. O maior aumento da prevalência ocorre na América Latina e Ásia. Governos europeus implementaram planos para demência para melhorar cuidados. Nós descrevemos pontos comuns dos planos de demência europeus e discutimos a situação brasileira. Dezesseis países europeus têm planos governamentais de demência, outros quatro estão para lançar. Os planos têm objetivos comuns: estimular conhecimento geral e reduzir estigma., , estabelecer mais centros para aumentar o número de diagnósticos corretos, ferecer cuidados integrais que melhorariam qualidade de cuidados e qualidade de vida e para promoção de programas educacionais para familiares e cuidadores profissionais. Planos de demência europeus têm contribuido para estimular conhecimento sobre demência, aumentaram centros de referência para avaliações diagnósticas de demência, e programas educacionais têm sido montados. O cuidado integrado é desafio na maioria dos países. O Brasil precisa de um plano. Barreiras e facilitadores para sua implementação poderiam ser identificados através do estudo dos planos europeus.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Strategies , Dementia/diagnosis , Diagnosis , Empathy
5.
Trends psychiatry psychother. (Impr.) ; 38(1): 6-13, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-779105

ABSTRACT

Introduction Young onset dementia (YOD) develops before 65 years of age and has specific age-related adverse consequences for quality of life (QoL). We systematically examined factors related to the QoL of people with YOD and their caregivers. Method This systematic review used the PRISMA methodology. The literature search was undertaken on July 5, 2015, using Cochrane, PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, Scopus and Thomson Reuters Web of Science electronic databases. The search keywords included early onset and young onset combined with, dementia, Alzheimer, vascular dementia, mixed dementia, frontotemporal dementia, quality of life, well-being and unmet needs. Nine studies were included. We revised objectives, study design, sample, instruments and results related to QoL. Results People with YOD rated their own QoL significantly higher than their caregivers. Greater awareness of disease among people with YOD is associated with better QoL in caregivers. A relationship was found between unmet needs and daytime activities, lack of companionship and difficulties with memory. Issues associated with unmet needs were prolonged time to diagnosis, available health services and lack of caregiver's own future perspective. Conclusion Consideration should be given to conducting investigations with more homogeneous samples and use of a clear concept of QoL. The present study highlights the need for future research in a wider range of countries, using instruments specifically for YOD. It would be interesting if studies could trace parallels with late onset dementia groups.


Introdução A demência de início precoce se desenvolve antes dos 65 anos e possui consequências adversas específicas relacionadas à idade para a qualidade de vida (QV). Nós examinamos de forma sistemática fatores ligados à QV de pessoas com demência de início precoce e seus cuidadores. Método Foi utilizada a metodologia PRISMA, com busca nas bases de dados Cochrane, PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, Scopus e Thomson Reuters Web of Science electronic em 5 de julho de 2015. Foi utilizada a palavra-chave início precoce combinada com demência, Alzheimer, demência vascular, demência mista, demência frontotemporal, qualidade de vida, bem-estar e necessidades não atendidas. Nove estudos foram incluídos. Foram revisados os objetivos, desenho, amostra, instrumentos e resultados relacionados à QV. Resultados Pessoas com demência de início precoce pontuaram sua própria QV significantemente mais alta que seus cuidadores. A maior consciência da doença entre essas pessoas é associada com melhor QV dos cuidadores. Foi encontrada relação entre necessidades não atendidas e atividades diárias, falta de companhia e dificuldades com a memória. A demora na definição do diagnóstico, os serviços de saúde disponíveis e a falta de perspectivas futuras do cuidador foram fatores associados às necessidades não atendidas. Conclusão Deve-se considerar a possibilidade de conduzir investigações com amostras mais homogêneas e um conceito mais claro de QV. O presente estudo chama atenção para a necessidade de pesquisas em mais países, utilizando instrumentos específicos para pessoas com demência de início precoce. Seria interessante se estudos pudessem traçar paralelos com grupos de início tardio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Quality of Life , Dementia , Age of Onset
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(9): 671-679, 09/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722141

ABSTRACT

Objective To assess cognition in major depressed (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in AD elderly. Method Subjects were evaluated by Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure, Digit Span, Similarities, Trail Making A/B, Verbal Fluency and Stroop. One-way ANOVA and multivariate models were used to compare the performance of each group on neuropsychological tests. Results We evaluated 212 subjects. Compared to MD, attention, working memory, processing speed and recall showed significantly better in controls. Controls showed significantly higher performance in all cognitive measures, except in attention compared to AD. Verbal fluency, memory, processing speed and abstract reasoning in MD was significantly higher compared to AD. AD was significantly better in general cognitive state than depression in AD. All other cognitive domains were similar. Conclusion A decreasing gradient in cognition appeared from the control to depression in AD, with MD and AD in an intermediate position. .


Objetivo Avaliar a cognição em idosos com depressão Maior (DM), doença de Alzheimer (DA) e Depressão na DA. Método Utilizou-se o Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Figura de Rey, Dígitos, Semelhanças, Trail Making A/B, Fluência Verbal e Stroop. ANOVA one-way e modelos multivariados foram utilizados para comparar o desempenho dos grupos. Resultados Foram avaliados 212 sujeitos. Comparado com DM, controles apresentaram desempenho significativamente melhor na atenção, memória de trabalho, velocidade de processamento e evocação. Os controles apresentaram desempenho significativamente superior em todas as avaliações, exceto na atenção comparado com DA. Fluência verbal, memória, velocidade de processamento e raciocínio abstrato na DM foi significativamente maior comparado com DA. DA foi significativamente melhor no estado cognitivo geral comparado a depressão na DA, os outros domínios foram semelhantes. Conclusão Observou-se um gradiente decrescente na cognição dos controles até a Depressão na DA, com os grupos DM e DA com desempenhos intermediários. .


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Analysis of Variance , Attention/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Disease Progression , Language Tests , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Verbal Learning/physiology
7.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 34(4): 405-412, Dec. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662747

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Familial caregivers of demented patients suffer from high levels of burden of care, but the literature is sparse regarding the prevalence and predictors of burnout in this group. Burnout is composed of three dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). We aimed to investigate the associations between burnout dimensions and the caregivers' and patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS: This study is cross-sectional in design. Caregivers (N = 145) answered the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Patients (N = 145) were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. RESULTS: High levels of EE were present in 42.1% of our sample, and DP was found in 22.8%. RPA was present in 38.6% of the caregivers. The caregivers' depression and the patients' delusions remained the significant predictors of EE. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of caregiver depression and patient delusions should always be part of the multidisciplinary evaluation of dementia cases.


OBJETIVOS: Os cuidadores familiares de pacientes com demência sofrem de altos níveis de sobrecarga de cuidados, mas a literatura referente a prevalência e os fatores preditores de burnout neste grupo é escassa. O burnout é composto por três dimensões: exaustão emocional (EE), despersonalização (DP) e reduzida realização pessoal (RRP). Nós temos como objetivo investigar as associações existentes entre as dimensões do burnout e as características clínicas e sóciodemográficas dos cuidadores e dos pacientes com demência. MÉTODOS: O estudo possui um delineamento transversal. Os cuidadores (N = 145) responderam ao Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, Inventário de Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, e um Questionário Sócio-Demográfico. Os pacientes (N = 145) foram avaliados através do Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico e a Escala de Estadiamento Clínico das Demências. RESULTADOS: Altos níveis de EE foram encontrados em 42,1%, e de DP em 22,8% da amostra. RRP esteve presente em 38,6% dos cuidadores. A depressão dos cuidadores, e os delírios dos pacientes foram os principais fatores preditores de EE. CONCLUSÕES: A presença de depressão nos cuidadores, e de delírios nos pacientes devem sempre fazer parte da avaliação multidisciplinar da demência.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Caregivers/psychology , Dementia/nursing , Family/psychology , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Epidemiologic Methods , Sex Distribution , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors
8.
Clinics ; 66(4): 623-627, 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-588914

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare verbal fluency among Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and major depression and to assess the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the disease severity. METHODS: Patients from an outpatient university center with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or major depression were studied. Severity was staged using the Hoehn & Yahr scale, the Hamilton Depression scale and the Clinical Dementia Rating for Parkinson's disease, major depression, and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. All subjects were tested with the Mini-Mental State Examination, the digit span test, and the verbal fluency test (animals). We fit four types of regression models for the count variable: Poisson model, negative binomial model, zero-inflated Poisson model, and zero-inflated negative binomial model. RESULTS: The mean digit span and verbal fluency scores were lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 34) than in patients with major depression (n = 52) or Parkinson's disease (n = 17) (p<0.001). The average number of words listed was much lower for Alzheimer's disease patients (7.2 words) compared to the patients presenting with major depression (14.6 words) or Parkinson's disease (15.7 words) (KW test = 32.4; p<0.01). Major depression and Parkinson's disease groups listed 44 percent (ROM = 1.44) and 48 percent (ROM = 1.48) more words, respectively, compared to those patients with Alzheimer's disease; these results were independent of age, education, disease severity and attention. Independently of diagnosis, age, and education, severe disease showed a 26 percent (ROM = 0.74) reduction in the number of words listed when compared to mild cases. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal fluency provides a better characterization of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and Parkinson's disease, even at later stages.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Verbal Behavior/physiology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Epidemiologic Methods , Language Tests , Parkinson Disease/psychology
9.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(3): 223-230, Sept. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-560774

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Mini-Mental State Examination cutoffs have been presented for schooling levels to screen cognitive impairment. However, items may behave differently with regards to education. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of education on MMSE subscales and items. METHOD: Community-dwelling participants aged 65 years or more (n = 990, females = 637, age = 74.1 years, range 65-108) were stratified as illiterate (n = 373), 1-8 (n = 540), 9-12 (n = 63), and more than 12 years of schooling (n = 14) and were screened with MMSE and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire. To make the Mini-Mental State Examination items comparable, each item was transformed into z scores. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the effect of schooling on MMSE subs and items controlling for age, sex, and activities of daily life. RESULTS: Temporal and space orientation, attention/calculation, repetition, reading, writing, and drawing scores improved as education increased, but not memory registration, three step command, and naming. Reading and writing displayed the largest coefficients, whereas education exerted no influence on naming and three step command tasks. CONCLUSION: Education does not exert an important effect on naming, three step command, memory registration, and delayed recall. As memory is a key factor for diagnosing dementia, these items could be considered despite education.


OBJETIVO: Vários pontos de corte foram propostos para o Mini Exame do Estado Mental para rastrear cognição. Entretanto, os itens podem se comportar diferentemente dependendo da educação. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o impacto da educação nas subescalas e itens do Mini Exame do Estado Mental. MÉTODO: Participantes com idade de 65 anos ou mais e residentes na comunidade (n = 990, feminino = 637, idade = 74,1 anos, 65-108) foram estratificados como analfabetos (n = 373), 1-8 (n = 540), 9-12 (n = 63), e mais de 12 anos de escolaridade (n = 14) e foram rastreados com Mini Exame do Estado Mental e com Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer. Para tornar os itens do Mini Exame do Estado Mental comparáveis, cada item foi transformado em escore z. Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para estimar o efeito da escolaridade nos subitens do Mini Exame do Estado Mental controlando para idade, sexo e atividades de vida diária. RESULTADOS: Orientação temporal e espacial, atenção/cálculo, repetição, leitura, escrita e desenho melhoraram à medida que a escolaridade aumentava, mas não registro, comando em três etapas e nomeação. Leitura e escrita tiveram os maiores coeficientes, enquanto a educação não influenciou na nomeação ou comando em três etapas. CONCLUSÃO: Educação não exerce efeito importante em nomeação, comando em três etapas, registro de memória e memória tardia. Sendo memória fator-chave para diagnosticar demência, esses itens podem ser considerados apesar da educação.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Dementia/diagnosis , Educational Status , Activities of Daily Living , Brazil
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