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Background@#The American Heart Association estimates that more than 1 million people die each year from acute coronary heart disease and half a million from acute coronary syndrome, and that $ 115 billion a year is spent on diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease [Word Health Organization, 2013].@*Goal@#In this study we aimed to using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease.@*Material and methods@#From 2018 to 2021, we performed a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan with a Philips Ingenuity 64-slice computed tomography (64 MD-CT) device and examined 47 patients diagnosed with unstable coronary artery disease at the Reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging named after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital.</br> Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. @*Result@#In studying signs of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease that coronary artery diameters more widening to compared healthy artery 16(34.0%±6.9), low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU)- 14(29.8%±6.7), small calcification detect in plaque 36 (74.5%±6.4), ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign)-9(19.2%±5.8), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes- 18 (38.3%±7.1), rupture of intima (dissection)- 8(17.0%±5.5).@*Conclusion@#We detect that computed tomography angiography (CCTA)’s specific signs of unstable plaque of coronary artery disease are coronary artery diameters widening, low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU), small calcification detect in plaque, ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes and rupture of intima.
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Carbon monoxide comes up from the combustion of gas, wood and coal during the industrial processes and since it’s a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas it can be absorbed into body in a short time resulting acute intoxication.The result of planned inspection with laboratory analysis at Ore industrial workshops and fields located in Darkhan-Uul province conducted by Specialized Inspection Place in 2013 was higher than the permissible level which is indicated in Mongolian national standard of occupational hygiene MNS4990-2000 by 60.2 mg/m3 and was higher than the short time permissible exposing level which is indicated Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) of USA by 20 ppm, therefore we predicted that there is a pollution of carbon monoxide in present industry and conducted this study.For the determination of carbon monoxide exposure by workshops and departments, the average level of CO for workers was 17 mg/m3, maximum was 57.3 mg/m3, the average level was for dayworkers 44.9 mg/m3, for night workers it was 102mg/m3 and maximum was 427 mg/m3 in RIW. Identifying level of exposure by the type of workers, for servicemen were 96.2-427 mg/m3 for welders was 46.4 mg/m3 and mechanics was 140.5mg/m3 which were higher than others.Comparing the results of present study with the permissible level of Mongolian national standard of occupational hygiene MNS4990-2000, was higher by 50-120mg/m3 and with the 8 hours of time weighted average (TWA) of Occupational Safety and Hygiene Agency (OSHA), was higher by 20-80 ppm.
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INTRODUCTION:Waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea, related to water quality and safety, personal sanitation and hygienehave been still reported very high in developing countries. Globally, there are an estimated 1.4 million casesof hepatitis A every year. The hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and wateror through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is associated with a lack of safe water and poorsanitation [2].Dysentery is bloody diarrhea, i.e. any diarrheal episode in which the loose or watery stools contain visiblered blood. Dysentery is most often caused byShigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica(amoebic dysentery) [3].Kharaa and Orkhon River are tributaries of the Selenge River-basin, in which many mining and other industries,agriculture, and residential areas reside. It has become a one pollutant factor for water of the Kharaa andOrkhon rivers. As a result, water of the Tuul, Kharaa and Orkhon River was reported to be highly contaminated(Mongolian Human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report) [4].GOAL:The aim of the research was to study incidence of gastrointestinal infectious diseases among population ofsoums are located in Selenge River Basin.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data on health statistics 2009-2013 years of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea,hepatitis A virus and others, were collected and analyzed.RESULTS:Incidence of dysentery was registered highly among people who live in Mandal soums in 2009-2013 years. Butincidence of dysentery (per 10 000 population 2.82) among population ofMandal soum lower than the Selengeprovince and National average. Incidence of hepatitis A virus was registered highly among people who livein Orkhon (74.46), Orkhontuul (48.86) soums and it was greater than 1.3-2 times than the Selenge provinceaverage. Incidence of diarrhea was registered highly among people who live in Khushaat soum and it wasgreater than 2.18-3.8 times the than Selenge province averageCONCLUSION:Incidences of diarrhea and hepatitis A virus were registered highly in Orkhon, Orkhotuul and Khushaat soumscompared to other target soums and it was greater than 1.3-3.8 times than the Selenge province average.Especially, these diseases were registered highly among 0-16 aged children.
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In terms of mortality and morbidity and disability burns are emerging as a major child health problem in Mongolia. This trend is similar to many other developing and low incoming countries. To develop effective burn prevention programmes, information on its prevalence and etiologyare necessary. To describe the epidemiology of child burns in UB, identify the trends of burn occurrence, thevulnerable population and etiology. Descriptive statistic and one-way analysis of variance were employed. The study was carried out to analyze the prevalence, mortality and current etiology of pediatrics burns in Ulaanbaatar during 10 years (2004-2013). The overall incidence rates of death were 26.3 per 100000 person-years. The male-to-femaleration of incidence rate for children younger than 5 years was 1.1. There was also significantcorrelation between age groups and aetiology of burns.(P<0.0001). Analyses showed that younger children were more vulnerable to scald injury. The etiological subgroups of scalding were scalding with hot drinks/food and scalding with hot water meant for household. Flame was the most common etiology of burn for children up of 5 years and almost all other age groups.
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In recent years, many researches that is related to waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea and water quality, safety, personal sanitation, hygiene have been conducting in developing country. Kharaa and Orkhon river are tributaries of the Selenge river basin and the many industries,agriculture, mining, provinces, soums are located in the near of Selenge river basin. Also Tuul,Kharaa and Orkhon river water is very polluted (Mongolian human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report).The aim of the research is to study correlation between to Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water pollution level and rate of gastrointestinal infectious diseases of people who live in the near of Selenge river basin.We analysed Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water quality and statistical data of gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A virus and others). Then we conducted correlation analysis between to river water pollution level and rate of intestinal infectious diseases. Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water was determined “less polluted” by physical, chemical andorganic indicators. But total number of bacteria was determined highly and Proteus vulgaris,Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter agglomerans pathogens were detected in these river’s water. There were significant positive correlations between level of nitrit in river water and incidence of dysentery and diarrhea. (r=0.38, p=0.022; r=0.291, p=0.005).
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This study investigated adverse effect of ergonomics risk factor among office staffs. Total of 224 workers participated in the study from 780 workers of Oyu Tolgoi Company, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The study participants had signs of red numbness and fatigue (77%), back pain and discomforts (55%), discomforts of wrist, palm (25%), and shoulder and elbow (42%) for last 6 months. Moreover, they participants had signs of red numbness and fatigue (62%), back pain and discomforts (41%), discomforts of wrist, palm (18%), and shoulder and elbow (37%) for last oneweek.
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Noise exposure is one of most common health hazards at workplace. But,there is very limited data of about occupational exposure to noise at workplaces in Mongolia. This study evaluated noise exposure among the workers. In pilot study, noise pressure level was measured for 103 Mechanical factory and office workers forfull work shifts by A-weighting scale. Personal noise dosimeters, Etymothic R-200DW7 were used to measure noise level. Average noise pressure levels ofworkers were 87.56 dBA in mechanical factory, 86.29 dBA in mechanical shop and 90.24 dBA in casting shop. Noise levels in the casting shop were exceeded by 1.29-5.24 dB for Recommended Exposure Level (REL).
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Asbestos is a human carcinogen, and prohibited to use in 55 countries. Thermal power plants, construction industries, locomotive repair shops and analytical laboratories in Mongolia use asbestos as thermal insulation material. This study investigated exposure to airborne asbestos in workplaces. Total of 85 air sampleswere collected from thermal power plants (n=4), locomotive repairshop (n=1), construction renovation workplace (n=1), construction material shop (n=1) and analytical laboratory (n=1).The air samples were collected and analyzed by NIOSH 7400 and 7402 standard analytical methods. The average of airborne asbestos concentration (0.72f/cm3) in the workplaces was 7.2 times higher than the occupational exposure limit (0.1f/cm3). Exposure to airborne asbestos was exceeded in insulation workplaces of the thermal power plants and locomotive repairshop.Airborne asbestos was detected from construction renovation worksite, construction material shop and analytical laboratory, but did not exceeded the occupational exposure level.
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In terms of mortality and morbidity and disability burns are emerging as a major child health problem in Mongolia. This trend is similar to many other developing and low incoming countries. To develop effective burn prevention programmes, information on its prevalence and etiology are necessary. To describe the epidemiology of child burns in UB, identify the trends of burn occurrence, the vulnerable population and etiology. Descriptive statistic and one-way analysis of variance were employed. The study was carried out to analyze the prevalence, mortality and current etiology of pediatrics burns in Ulaanbaatar during 10 years (2004-2013). The overall incidence rates of death were 26.3 per 100000 person-years. The male-to-female ration of incidence rate for children younger than 5 years was 1.1. There was also significantcorrelation between age groups and aetiology of burns.(P<0.0001). Analyses showed that younger children were more vulnerable to scald injury. The etiological subgroups of scalding were scalding with hot drinks/food and scalding with hot water meant for household. Flame was the most common etiology of burn for children up of 5 years and almost all other age groups.
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IntroductionThe aimag health statistics of 2009 shows that the cancer morbidity is 24.94 per 10000 populations,which is 1.6 times and the cancer mortality is 21.48 per 1000, 1.8 times higher than the national average respectively. Therefore, this research was carried out to study the KAP on breast and cervical cancers among the women of Sukhbaatar aimag for planning and implementation of actions meeting their needs.MethodologyIn total 570 women from Bayandelger, Dariganga, Ongon, Munhkhaan and Erdenetsagaan soums and 2 baghs of the aimag centre were involved in the study by random sampling.ResultsIn the study involved 570 women of 6 soums of Sukhbaatar aimag. The average age of the women is 33 1.0. Women with university education are 21.4%, with complete secondary education 44.3%, with incomplete secondary education 3.3%, with primary education 7.7%, and uneducated was 1.1%. Herding women composed 22.8% of the participants. The knowledge related to the age of the participants demonstrate higher level of knowledge on cancer among 35-44 year old women. By thereasons of involvement in the breast screening, 68% have not been examined in last 5 years, 10% have visited voluntarily and the rest participated as it was organised by their employees or by chance. The average score of the knowledge on cervical cancer was 7.8 or 30%. The women themselves assessed their knowledge on cervical cancer as poor. The responses given by respondents in the study of the signs of the cancer also demonstrate low level of knowledge. Also the women’s knowledge on early detection of the cancer is insufficient. The knowledge, attitude and practicce of local women concerning breast/cervical cancer, the factors affecting the screening, current needs and the level of health education were defined by this study and the findings of the study show that it is necessary to focus on improving the KAP of the target population on preventive acctivities and participation in screening and enhancement of related trainings.Conclusions:1. The knowledge of the women on breast and cervical cancers is generally low.2. The sources of information on the causes of breast and cervical cancers are scarce.1. The insufficient KAP towards screening and poor preventive behavior negatively affect early diagnosing of breast/cervical cancer.
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IntroductionThe workplace is an important site which can influence physical, mental, economic and social aspects of people’s wellbeing. In the globalized market a vital condition for success is healthy, professional and motivated human resources. With the increasing awareness of this factor in the public and private enterprises, the concept of health promoting workplace is gaining a growing significance.GoalTo study health promoting activities in the workplace and assess knowledge and attitude of employers on health promotion.Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used and the data was collected using quantitative and qualitative methods. A thermal power plant, beverage manufacture, construction company and a mining company were selected for the study.ResultsIn terms of measurements of parameters of the working conditions, the average temperature was higher than required in the occupational hygiene standard (26.60C) and the air humidity was within standard level (30-70%). The workers of the thermal power plant, construction company and mining company are exposed to hand-arm and whole-body vibrations. The highest noise level was 96 dB(A) in the mechanical and repair shops of the mining company which exceeds the occupational hygiene standard. All companies had staff members who responsible for occupational safety, but only 3 had health care service providers for workers. Each company has its own policies to control and prevent workplace hazards and to promote workers health, but these activities were not implemented adequately. Conclusion:Employers, managers and employees have reasonable understanding of workplace health promotion. However, systematic training and counseling are required to improve the activities aimed at protection and promotion of the health of the employees. There is an acute need for systematic and comprehensive implementation of healthy workplace programs. Among others, improvement of the physical environment and ergonomics of every workstation, and availability of health services are also necessary. Environment for promotion and sustenance of healthy behavior in the employees need to be developed for the employees.
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Background: A water supply sufficiency and quality standard has been still important object of the priority issues of countries, regions as well as the Worldwide. In December, 2003, the General Assembly of the UN announced to worldwide a decade named as "Water for life" with duration of 2005 - 2015. Public Health Institute of Mongolia,2 Health Sciences University of Mongolia Background: A water supply sufficiency and quality standard has been still important object of the priority issues of countries, regions as well as the Worldwide. In December, 2003, the General Assembly of the UN announced to worldwide a decade named as "Water for life" with duration of 2005 - 2015. Ensure environmental sustainability objective 6.16 within MDGs of Mongolia proposed to decrease a share of inhabitants without safe drinking water, and a share of inhabitants not provided by an improved sanitation infrastructure, respectively. After Mongolia shifted to a market economy system, production rapidly developed, and rapid increasing of mining, population centralization in urban areas and use of the chemical elements were basic and necessary conditions to study an arsenic content in drinking water of Gobi provinces. Goal: To determine arsenic content in drinking water of Gobi provinces and provide a hygienic assessment. Materials and Methods: Research study designed by cross-section methods and analyzed one action data. In total of 62 soumsfrom five Gobi provinces (namely Gobi-Altai, Gobisumber, Dornogobi, Dundgobi, and Umnugobi) were selected as a research sites. Samples are taken according to the standard MNS ISO 5667-2:2001 from total of 142 deep drilled wells amongst 62 selected soums. According to the ISO-MNS 11885:2007 standard, arsenic content (As) were tested in the samples by using Optical Emission Spectrometer with brand name of Varian 720 -ESICP. Test analyses were assessed after comparison with the content level of arsenic in drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "Guidelines for drinking water quality", developed by the WHO. Results: Arsenic contents were presented 106 samples, represented 74.6 percent of the total samples from the 142 deep drilled wells in the selected sites of 62 soums among 5 Gobi provinces. In additionally, existing arsenic contents in 22 samples were 15.4 percent of the selected samples counted 1 to 6 times higher than the drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "WHO - Guidelines for drinking water quality". Total drinking water arsenic contents across the selected 5 Gobi provinces were statistical mean 0.0084 ± 0.0009 mg/l. Conclusion: 15.4 percent arsenic contents in drinking water in Gobi provinces were greater than the drinking water standard of Mongolia as coded MNS 900:2005 and the recommended levels stated in "WHO - Guidelines for drinking water quality".
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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality has been one of the pressing issues in the health sector of our country. In Mongolia, 2 people out of 1000 people developed tuberculosis annually, which leads to becoming one of the 7 countries with high TB morbidity among 37 countries of the Western Pacifi c Region.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to have the baseline to understand and measure knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis among non-tuberculosis health care workers including family group practitioners, nurses and specialized doctors at the primary, secondary and tertiary health care level of Mongolia.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive qualitative study. Self-admitted questionnaire were performed for 572 health care workers. Total of 4 aimags/provinces and 3 districts were randomly selected. Selenge, Darkhan-Uul, and Khentii aimags are regions with high tuberculosis burden, Dornogobi and Orkhon aimags are with low Tuberculosis incidence and prevalence in 2008.Altogether 572 doctors and health professionals from selected health facilities were involved in survey questionnaire and 39.9% (228 people) of respondents were working at the primary level, 31.3% (179 people) in secondary level, and 28.8% (165 people) in the tertiary level health facility, respectively. Altogether 23 focus group discussions were organized, involving 130 people.RESULTS: Around 98.6% of respondents answered that TB is spread when infected person coughs and sneezes. However, one of every three respondents answered TB can be transmitted when sharing cups, dishes and other cooking utensils with the infected person, one in every ten people–shaking hands with the infected person, and one in every four people–through mother to child transmission. Such misconception is common among the health professionals, especially among nurses of the secondary and tertiary level health facilities. Around 47.6% or 272 people answered correctly that TB patients have symptoms such as coughing for 2 weeks and longer, develop sputum with blood traces, fever and sweating during night sleep, and loss of weight. However, there is some misunderstanding among the doctors and nurses such as there are skin rashes. When doctors and nurses where asked which form of TB is the infectious one, 86.9% answered correctly that TB with positive smear test is infectious. On assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice on TB treatment, about 93.4% of the respondents answered that treatment shall be done by anti-TB drugs and this result is equally strong among health professionals at all service delivery levels (p=0.075). However, there are some misconceptions among the nurses that TB patients should buy anti-TB drugs from the pharmacies, try traditional medicines and follow religious rituals. This should be paid further attention and issues covering TB should be included in their curriculum. Every second person knows the treatment continuation period of drug susceptible TB patient, which is relatively low knowledge level. According to survey results, every second person knows what DOTS stand for. In other words, 55.4% of the respondents identifi ed correctly what is DOTS, and 13.8% answered that it is a combination of anti-TB drugs, 3 .3% - as TB treatment method, 5.6% - as combination of TB reduction measures, and 2.2% answered that they don’t know.CONCLUSION: Many misunderstandings were found in the fi eld of transmission, BCG vaccination, treatment and anti-TB drugs. There is a need to provide training for non-TB medical doctors and nurses.