Effect of a Follow-up Program Involving an Early Intervention and Self-help Group on Parenting Stress, Depression, and Parenting Efficacy for Mothers of Premature Infants

Purpose@#This study is intended to investigate the impact of an early intervention and follow-up program involving self-help groups on maternal parenting stress, depression, and parenting efficacy in families with premature infants. @*Methods@#The study included 30 mothers in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, all of whom had premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Changes in dependent variables before and after the followup program were analyzed using paired t-tests with mean and standard deviation, and variables that differed in presurvey scores were analyzed using analysis of covariance with covariates. @*Results@#Parenting stress decreased in the experimental group that participated in the follow-up program, while it increased in the control group. Depression decreased by 3.44 points in the intervention group and 1.76 points in the control group. Parenting efficacy increased by 3.03 points in the experimental group and decreased by 1.03 points in the control group after the program. @*Conclusion@#This study highlights the significance of offering family-centered early interventions within existing hospitals or institutions, rather than relying solely on home visits, to promptly address the early developmental issues of premature infants, share information, and provide emotional support through regular self-help meetings.

Effects of a Community-based Follow-up Program for Parents with Premature Infants on Parenting Stress, Parenting Efficacy, and Coping

Purpose@#This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a community-based follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy, and coping among parents with premature infants. @*Methods@#A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. This program consisted of structured home visits and self-help group meetings for 6 months. The experimental group (n=29) received visits by an experienced neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurse and the control group (n=27) was visited by a visiting nurse. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, t-test, and analysis of covariance. @*Results@#Parents' coping behavior significantly differed in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=3.14, p=.003). In particular, coping subscale I, for maintaining the family situation (t=2.63, p=.011), and subscale III, for understanding the infant's medical situation (t=4.30, p<.001), showed significant differences in the experimental group. There were no significant between-group differences in parenting stress or parenting efficacy. @*Conclusion@#The findings of this study suggest that home visits by an experienced NICU nurse provided through a community-based follow-up program were an effective intervention to improve coping behavior among parents with premature infants.

Experiences of Mothers' Attachment in a Follow-Up Program Using Early Intervention for Low-Birth-Weight Infants

PURPOSE: Mothers who give birth prematurely experience parenting stress after their babies are discharged and find it difficult to emotionally bond with them. Forming an emotional bond with a baby promotes the baby's growth and development, helps the mother cope with parenting stress after discharge, and is important for maintaining family functioning. This study aimed to identify the attachment experiences of mothers with low-birth-weight infants (LBWIs) in a follow-up program using early intervention. METHODS: A phenomenological perspective was used for this qualitative research. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with twelve mothers who participated in a follow-up program using early intervention for mothers with LBWIs from September 2017 to December 2017. Colaizzi's method was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The experience of mothers' attachment was investigated on the basis of three categories: ‘beginning of changes in parenting methods,’ ‘forming an intimate mother–child bond,’ and ‘concerns and expectation about the child's development.’ CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the follow-up program using an early intervention designed to increase mothers' confidence in their parenting skills can promote mother' attachment and the quality of life of families with LBWIs.

A Structural Model on the Nursing Competencies of Nursing Simulation Learners

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test a model of nursing competencies of nursing simulation learners. The conceptual model was based on the theory of Jeffries's simulaton theory. METHODS: Data collection was conducted in October 2017 for 310 students from two nursing universities in Kyungbuk area for 20 days. Data analysis methods were covariance structure analysis using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical programs. RESULTS: The hypothetical model was a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were comparative fit index=.97, normed fit index=.94, Tucker-Lewis Index=.97, root mean square error of approximation=.44, and standardized root mean square residual=.04. Teacher factors were directly related to simulation design characteristics, and it was confirmed that the curriculum, classroom operation and teaching method of the instructors were important factors. Learner factors were found to have a direct effect on nursing competence, self-confidence, and clinical performance that belong to nursing capacity. In particular, the results of this study indicate that the simulation design characteristics have a partial mediating effect on learner factors and clinical performance, and a complete mediating effect on learner factors and clinical judgment ability. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the learner's clinical performance and clinical judgment ability, it is necessary to conduct practical training through nursing simulation besides preparing the learner and the educator.

Clinical Nurses' Resilience Skills for Surviving in a Hospital Setting: A Q-methodology Study

PURPOSE: Resilience relates to coping with stressful hospital environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of resilience skills of clinical nurses for surviving in a hospital setting. METHODS: The Q methodology was used as it helps analyze the participants' subjective perspective on each item. Participants were 32 registered nurses who sorted 38 selected Q statements that were then plotted on a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The subjective perspectives on the resilience of clinical nurses were analyzed using the PC-QUANAL program. RESULTS: This study revealed four types of resilience in clinical nurses, accounting for 65.2% of the variance: Type I: Reality-harmonic type; Type II: Own will type; Type III: Professionalism-oriented type; and Type IV: Relation-oriented type. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest the need to develop interventions for improving clinical nurses' resilience according to their types. Following further investigation of nurses' resilience, it may be necessary for organizations to develop several resilience strategies.

Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: This paper reports the results of a hospital centered follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy and coping for mothers with very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: The follow-up program consisted of home visiting by an expert group and self-help program for 1 year. A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 70 mothers with low birth weight infants and were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental groups (n=28), which received the family support program; and a control group (n=27), which received the usual discharge education. Data were analyzed using chi2-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with IBM SPSS statistics 20.0. RESULTS: Mothers' parenting stress (F=5.66, p=.004) was significantly decreased in the experimental group. There were also significant increases in parenting efficacy (F=13.05, p<.001) and coping (F=8.91, p=.002) in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that a follow-up program for mothers with VLBW infants is an effective intervention to decrease mothers' parenting stress and to enhance parenting efficacy and coping.

Study on the Effects of the Family Support in the Very Low Birth Weight Infants Follow-Up: Focus on Dodam Dodam Bring-Up Center / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: After discharge from the hospital, very low birth weight infants require care consultation, information, and interaction and so forth, due to sequelae, different growth and developmental pattern; which increase the burdens and the worries of patients in nurturing them. With the counseling of experts in the related fields, the authors and the Food for the Hungry have run a department of childcare for a year, emphasizing on more family support than extreme early detection of disabilities. This study reports on relieving child care anxiety, promoting growth and development, educating parents on home treatment of sequelae, finding and coping with minor disabilities. METHODS: The subjects were chosen among infants under 1,500 g of birth weight and younger than a corrected age of 6 months. Meetings were held once in a month for a year. Infant care support classes were taught by experts in their fields including a music therapist (with play program), neonatologist, a children's nurse, a child-care director, a clinical psychologist, a rehabilitation therapist, a social worker and, a nutritionist. Within the self-dependent groups, the families were able to share their concerns and experiences on child-caring. Second home visits were carried out to monitor home oxygen therapy, tube feeding, cerebral palsy signs, and to find neglect or abuse in suspected cases. RESULTS: Fifty-one infants participated; the average weight was 1,060 g, the average gestational age was 27 weeks and 2 days. Eighteen were boys and 23 girls. The average age of the mothers was 33.4, and there were 26 appropriate for gestational age, 8 small for gestational age, and, 5 large for gestational age. Twenty three were first-born, 13 were second-born, 1 was third-born, and twins were 4 pairs. Home visits were done in 33 families, and secondary visits were done in 6 families. The depression score of mothers in the attendant group decreased from 10.47+/-5.18 to 8.18+/-5.87 (P=0.080). CONCLUSION: The depression score of mothers in the attendant group decreased after infant care support classes.

Mothers' Parenting Experience of Premature Infants: Q Methodological Approach

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the parenting experience of mothers of premature infants in order to provide basic data for educational solutions and desirable directions. METHODS: Q-methodology was used as it provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item. The participants were 33 mothers of premature infants who sorted 34 selected Q-statements which were then classified into the shape of a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Subjectivity on parenting experience among the mothers was analyzed using the pc-QUANAL program. RESULTS: Four types of parenting experience were identified. Type I was named 'struggling', type II, 'self blame', type III, 'information collecting', and type IV, 'self-introspection'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs are needed for mothers of premature infants based on the four types of parenting experience.

Effect of an Integral Care System: a Combination of Oriental and Western Care for Older Adults with Degenerative Arthritis

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effect of an integrated care service which included a combination of oriental and western care on health outcomes in elderly patients with degenerative arthritis. METHODS: A prospective comparative design was used. Data were collected from May 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 from 85 elderly patients with degenerative arthritis in the lower extremities who were followed in a hospital out-patient department for 8 weeks. The integrated care service group (n=36) received a combination of physical therapy, acupuncture, western medicines or herbal medicines, and the western care group (n=49) received physical therapy or western medicines. Functional independence, walking speed, rotation balance, pain intensity, service satisfaction and total medical costs for the two groups were compared at 8 weeks. RESULTS: Functional independence (t=2.14, p=.036) and walking speed (t=2.51, p=.014) improved significantly in the integrated care group while pain intensity improved significantly in the western care group (t=3.35, p=.002). The integrated care group reported higher scores for service satisfaction (t=2.09, p=.041) and higher medical costs than the western care group (t=2.15, p=.035). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that integrated care services are effective modalities to improve mobility and quality of life for elders with degenerative arthritis.

Development of an Evaluation Instrument for Service Quality in Nursing Homes

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to identify the factors influencing service quality in nursing homes, and to develop an evaluation instrument for service quality. METHODS: A three-phase process was employed for the study. 1) The important factors to evaluate the service quality in nursing homes were identified through a literature review, panel discussion and focus group interview, 2) the evaluation instrument was developed, and 3) validity and reliability of the study instrument were tested by factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha and Cohen's Kappa. RESULTS: Factor analysis showed that the factors influencing service quality in nursing homes were healthcare, diet/assistance, therapy, environment and staff. To improve objectivity of the instrument, quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation approaches were adopted. The study instrument was developed with 30 items and showed acceptable construct validity. The criterion-related validity was a Pearson correlation coefficient of .85 in 151 care facilities. The internal consistency was Cronbach's alpha=.95. CONCLUSION: The instrument has acceptable validity and a high degree of reliability. Staff in nursing homes can continuously improve and manage their services using the results of the evaluation instrument.

Aggression and Related Factors in Elementary School Students

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the relationship between aggression and internet over-use, depression-anxiety, self-esteem, all of which are known to be behavior and psychological characteristics linked to "at-risk" children for aggression. METHODS: Korean-Child Behavior Check List (K-CBCL), Korean-Internet Addiction Self-Test Scale, and Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) were used as measurement tools with a sample of 743, 5th-6th grade students from 3 elementary schools in Jecheon city. Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/Win 13.0 version were used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: Aggression for the elementary school students was positively correlated with internet over-use and depression-anxiety, whereas self-esteem was negatively correlated with aggression. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 68.4% of the variance for aggression was significantly accounted for by internet over-use, depression-anxiety, and self-esteem. The most significant factor influencing aggression was depression-anxiety. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that earlier screening and intervention programs for depression-anxiety and internet over-use for elementary student will be helpful in preventing aggression.

Effects of Yoga during Pregnancy on Weight Gain, Delivery Experience and Infant's Birth Weight / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the yoga during pregnancy on the maternal weight, delivery experience and infant birth weight. METHOD: The nonequivalent control group pre test-post test design was used. The participants were the healthy pregnant women, whose pre-pregnancy BMI was normal, gestational period was more than 20 weeks. The final sample consisted of 21 mother-infant dyads for experimental group and 20 dyads for control group and who agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from February 1st to December 15th, 2006. The Qi exercise prenatal program was carried out for 90 minutes a day, 2 times a week for 12 weeks. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 Program. RESULT: The degree of maternal weight gain(p<.001), labor pain(p<.001), discomfort after delivery(p<.001) and infant's birth weight(p<.001) were significantly different between two groups. CONCLUSION: The yoga during pregnancy managed weight gain of mothers. Therefore, this study suggests that yoga during pregnancy to promotes stabilization can be beneficial for maintaining healthy weight, decreasing labor pain and discomfort after delivery for pregnant women and increasing infant's birth weight.

Comparative Study on Parenting Stress, Guilt, Parenting Attitude, and Parenting Satisfaction Between Mothers with a Hemophilic Child and a Healthy Child / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: Although Hemophilia is a relatively rare hereditary disease, and is treatable with blood products, the parenting stress and guilt of hemophilic patients and their mothers are always high. This study was done to assess the extent of parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child. METHOD: The participants in this study were 119 mothers with a hemophilic child who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation, and 287 mothers with a healthy child. In order to measure the dimensions related to parenting stress, guilt, parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction, the Questionnaire on Parenting Stress Index, Maternal Guilt Scale, Parenting Attitude Scale & Parenting Satisfaction Scale were administered. We analysed the differences between mothers with a hemophilic child and a healthy child in the questionnaire scores using the SPSS program. RESULT: Parenting stress and guilt of mothers with a hemophilic child were higher than with a healthy child. Parenting attitude and parenting satisfaction of mothers with a hemophilic child were lower than with a healthy child. CONCLUSION: The results may help medical professionals understand mothers with a hemophilic child and give basic assistance to develop a nursing intervention by exploring possible ways to alleviate such parenting stress and guilt.

The Citation Status of the References in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This is for analyzing the recent citations from papers enrolled in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing and understanding correct marking of references. METHOD: Targeted 2,334 references in 93 articles introduced from Feb. 2002 to Dec. 2002 which are applied current contribution rules of the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. RESULT: 1. 25 references are quoted per article and particularly foreign journals are most frequently quoted. Among foreign journals, Nursing Research is most frequently used. The Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing is also mostly referred material among national journals. 2. The retrieval rate is prove to be 1,539(83.8%) and 267(11.7%) are without errors and the other 2,022 have at least more than one error regardless of frequency. 3. Major error rate of periodical publication is 484(36.8%) and most occurred in the inconsistency of titles between articles and references. 4. Foreign journals have much more errors than national ones concerning periodical publications. CONCLUSION: Correct citation and marking of references can be achieved through strict reviewing process by authors, editors, publishers and paper investigators. In consequence, it is expected that these processes can cause improvement of quality in impact factor and papers.

The Citation Status of the References in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This is for analyzing the recent citations from papers enrolled in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing and understanding correct marking of references. METHOD: Targeted 2,334 references in 93 articles introduced from Feb. 2002 to Dec. 2002 which are applied current contribution rules of the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. RESULT: 1. 25 references are quoted per article and particularly foreign journals are most frequently quoted. Among foreign journals, Nursing Research is most frequently used. The Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing is also mostly referred material among national journals. 2. The retrieval rate is prove to be 1,539(83.8%) and 267(11.7%) are without errors and the other 2,022 have at least more than one error regardless of frequency. 3. Major error rate of periodical publication is 484(36.8%) and most occurred in the inconsistency of titles between articles and references. 4. Foreign journals have much more errors than national ones concerning periodical publications. CONCLUSION: Correct citation and marking of references can be achieved through strict reviewing process by authors, editors, publishers and paper investigators. In consequence, it is expected that these processes can cause improvement of quality in impact factor and papers.

An Inquiry on the Coping about Anxiety in Mothers of Children with Nephrotic Syndrome / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to identify and to search the related disposition of the pattern of anxiety and coping in mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome through the use of Q-methodology. METHOD: 34 Q-samples were finally selected in the concept of anxiety and coping. A P-sample of 35 was selected the mothers of children with nephortic syndrome. The result of the Q-sorting was coded and analyzed using QUANL PC program. RESULT: There were 3 types of special opinion. The first type is called " Pursuit of hope type." Members of this type were cope with the anxiety by spiritual behavior like a pray, positive thinking. The second type is called "Worry about reality type." Members of this type were to be filled with apprehension like an indigestion, insomnia. The third type is called " Solving problem type." Members of this type were cope with the humanity effort by conversation. CONCLUSION: The mothers of children with nephrotic syndrome were used various coping patterns to cope with the anxiety conditions that their child were result from admission to hospital and treatment of the disease. Therefore, nursing assessment and nursing intervention skills have to develop in consideration of the subjectivity of coping about anxiety in each individual.

The Effects of Meridian Massage on the Behavioral State and Weight in Infants / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was implemented to develop new nursing intervention, Meridian Massage, and to investigate its effect on weight, behavioral state in infants.METHOD: This study has been conducted on the non equivalent control group pretest-posttest design in quasi experimental basis and newly born infants from Postpartum Management Center were selected in two groups of 35 infants. Data has been collected from February 1st to October 30th of 2002. The experimental group(20) took Meridian massage for 15 minutes daily twice during 6 days and control group took Field massage as same time. Weight has been determined 10:00 hours everyday morning and behavior status has been determined before and after 5 minutes beth by Anderson et al.(1990) tools. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.0 Program using t-test, chi2-test and repeated measures ANOVA. RESULT: The results were as follow. In the aspect of behavioral status, Meridian massage group(55.8%) showed increase "positive" state than Field massage group(42.6%). And there was statistical significance(p=.002). Meridian massage group showed higher in the average weight than Field massage group(F=6.753, p=.014), and there was significant term between the two groups(F=10.129, p=.000). But there was no interaction group and term. CONCLUSION: The Meridian Massage in this study showed more positive aspect in weight gain and positive behavior status than Field Massage. This study has informed that meridian massage is an effective nursing intervention in improving Infant development.

Factors Affecting College Students' Attitudes Toward the Disabled / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze college sudents' attitudes toward people with disabilities, and factors affecting the attitudes, and further to examine possible ways to improve the attitudes. and to furnish guideline of curriculum and practice in rehabilitation nursing on the basis of this analysis. METHOD: A descriptive. relational study design was used. The subjects of this study were 448 college students. A convenient sampling is used. Data were collected through 4 types of previous questionnaires used to examine attitude from May 1 to May 30, 2003. RESULT: 1. The attitude toward people with disabilities whose mean is 3.762 was responded somewhat negatively. Especially, a contact tension whose mean was 4.00 is high. 2. As a result of analyzing the attitudes of college students toward people with disabilities. some factors were statistically significant. They were experience of contact with the disabled. concern toward the disabled, voluntary work related to the disabled, and disability experience education. 3. The more negative experience of people with disabilities and the lower stereotype of disability and the higher effects of parents, teachers, and mass media, then the more positive response of peoples attitude with disabilities. 4. The main factors of determining the attitude of people with disabilities were the stereotype of disability. contact experience concern about disability, voluntary work experience. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that an appropriate educational intervention and strategy is needed in order to change the attitudes of college students toward people with disabilities. Also experimental researches are needed to do it.