ABSTRACT
The fishery on Penaeidae shrimp is done all over the Brazilian coast, especially the seabob shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri). It is captured in large quantities in the Southeast and Southern Brazil. In order to study the population structure of X. kroyeri from Anchieta Municipality, Espírito Santo State, during the period from January to December 2008, monthly samplings with one-hour-long were conducted to verify the number of individuals, biomass, sex, total length and gonad maturity stage. The specimens had total length ranging from 2.96 to 9.96 cm, and females were larger than males. It is suggested that the population of X. kroyeri presents patterns of recruitment and reproduction similar to those of the Northeast region. The estimated size of first gonadal maturation was 4.5 and 6.9 cm for males and females, respectively. The fishing operates on a stock composed of predominantly adult males and juveniles and adult females. The mesh size of the nets and the high plant biomass in the fishing areas may be contributing to the increased catch of juveniles, undermining the recruitment of X. kroyeri.
A pesca de camarões Penaeidae é realizada em todo o litoral brasileiro, com destaque para o sete-barbas (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) capturado em grande quantidade nas regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Com o objetivo de estudar a estrutura populacional de X. kroyeri de Anchieta, Estado do Espírito Santo, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2008 foram realizadas coletas mensais com 1h de duração. Foram registrados o número de indivíduos, a biomassa, o sexo, o comprimento total e o estádio de maturação gonadal. Os exemplares amostrados apresentaram comprimento total que varia entre 2,96 a 9,96 cm sendo as fêmeas maiores que os machos. Sugere-se que a população de X. kroyeri estudada apresente reprodução e recrutamento semelhantes ao da região Nordeste. O tamanho estimado de primeira maturação gonadal foi de 4,5 cm para machos e 6,9 cm para fêmeas, sendo que a pesca atua sobre um estoque composto por machos predominantemente adultos e por fêmeas juvenis e adultas. O tamanho de malha das redes e a elevada biomassa vegetal presente nas áreas de pesca podem estar contribuindo para o aumento da captura de juvenis, comprometendo o recrutamento de X. kroyeri.
Subject(s)
Estuaries , Fishing Industry , PenaeidaeABSTRACT
Talitroides topitotum (Amphipoda) was introduced in Brazil by silviculture activities. Currently the species is distributed in the states of Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. This paper describes the species' occurrence in the state of Espírito Santo. The objective of this study was to determine the interference of the edge effect on community structure of macroinvertebrates associated with leaf litter, where a T. topitotum female specimen was observed in coffee cultivations in March 2008.
Talitroides topitotum (Amphipoda) foi introduzido no Brasil pelas atividades de silvicultura. Atualmente a espécie está distribuída nos Estados do Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Este trabalho descreve a ocorrência desta espécie no Estado do Espírito Santo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a interferência do efeito de borda na estruturada comunidade de macroinvertebrados associados ao folhiço, onde um espécime fêmea de T. topitotum foi observado em cultivo de café em março de 2008.
Subject(s)
Amphipoda , ForestryABSTRACT
Fruit color and odor are the main features regulating the rate of fruit predation and dispersal. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of odor and color on fruit predators and dispersers. The present study was conducted in a 30ha area of secondary forest in Southeastern Atlantic Brazil. This area was divided into two transects, in which four points were marked with a 30m distance from each other. Each sampling point contained a total of 30 artificial fruit which belong to six different treatment groups, with five artificial fruit per group. Each group was randomly placed on the ground and that artificial fruit was checked every seven days. For each group of five fruit, 5mL of essence (vanilla or pineapple) were placed, and no essence was used in the control group. Artificial fruit was made with green and red nontoxic modeling clay, as well as artificial essences (vanilla and pineapple). A total of 960 fruits were used. Predated fruit equaled 26.9% (258 units), from which the red/pineapple had the highest predation rate (81.9%), followed by red/vanilla (46.3%), while green/control fruits were not predated. Throughout the experiment, bitten fruit and pecked fruit equaled 58.3% and 41.7%, respectively. No significant differences were recorded (x²=7.57, df=5, p=0.182) between bitten and pecked fruit. Fruit color and odor are important in attracting predators and dispersers, which explains the high rate of predation of red/vanilla and red/pineapple, and the absence of predated fruits in the green/control group. Regarding the potential disperser, there was no statistically significant difference between pecked fruit and bitten fruit. As a result, it should be taken into consideration that zoochory (mammalochory and ornithochory) is the most important dispersal; therefore, it should be concluded that birds are more attracted by color and mammals by odor. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 925-931. Epub 2012 June 01.
El olor y el color de los frutos son las características principales que regulan el nivel de consumo y la dispersión de las semillas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto que tiene el olor y el color de los frutos sobre los depredadores y dispersores de semillas. El área de estudio abarca 30ha de bosque secundario localizado en el Atlántico sureste de Brasil. Este espacio se dividió en dos sectores, en los cuales se marcaron cuatro puntos con una distancia de 30m entre sí. En cada punto de muestreo se utilizaron 30 frutos que se distribuyeron en seis tratamientos, con cinco frutos artificiales para cada tratamiento. Además, cabe resaltar que cada tratamiento se colocó en el suelo de forma aleatoria y que los frutos artificiales se verificaron cada siete días. Para cada grupo de cinco frutos se utilizaron 5mL de esencia (vainilla y ananá) y para el grupo de control no se utilizó ningún aditivo de olor. Los frutos se confeccionaron con plastilina atóxica de color verde y roja, además de esencias artificiales (ananá y vainilla), asimismo se obtuvieron 960 frutos. El nivel de frutos consumidos fue del 26.9% (258 unidades), de los cuales los rojos/ananá fueron los más consumidos (81.9%), seguidos del rojo/vainilla (46.3%), mientras que los verde/control no fueron comidos. Durante el experimento la tasa de frutos mordidos fue del 58.3% y de picoteados un 41.7%. No se registró una diferencia significativa (x²=7.57, gl=5, p=0.182) entre frutos mordidos y picoteados. El color y el olor de los frutos son aspectos importantes para atraer depredadores y dispersores, lo que explica los niveles de consumo de los frutos rojos/vainilla y rojo/ananá y la ausencia de frutos comidos en el tratamiento del verde/control. En cuanto al potencial dispersor, no hubo una diferencia estadística significativa entre frutos mordidos y picoteados, por lo que se debe tomar en cuenta que la dispersión principal es la zoocoria (ornitocoria y mamalocoria). Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que las aves son atraídas por el color y los mamíferos por el olor.