Histological study of the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on healing of skin defect in adult male albino rats

Despite advances in wound care, skin loss results in significant morbidity and mortality. There is increasing evidence that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [BM-MSCs] are useful for tissue regeneration because of their multipotency and easy isolation and culture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of local administration of in-vitro-expanded BM-MSCs in the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness excisional wounds in adult male albino rats. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were used. They were divided into three groups. In group I rats, BM was isolated and cultured and skin specimens were obtained as a control. In group II rats, a full-thickness circular skin wound of 5mm in diameter was inflicted on the mid back of each rat and was examined on days 3, 7, and 14. In group III rats, the wound was inflicted as in group II, which was then treated with BM-MSCs and examined as in group II. The wound areas were excised and used for histological and immunohistochemical studies for CD105. Morphometric analysis was performed for assessment of epidermal thickness, area percentage of collagen and elastic fibers, and number of CD105-positive cells. Wounds treated with BM-MSCs [group III] showed evidence of re-epithelialization, increased epidermal thickness, hair follicle formation, collagen, and elastic fibers compared with wounds in group II. Similarly, the number of CD105-positive cells was prominently increased in the skin of the same group. Local administration of in-vitro-expanded BM-MSCs accelerates and promotes healing in full-thickness excisional wounds

Histological study on the possible protective action of ginseng on the injurious effect induced by acrylamide on the midbrain in adult male albino rat

Acrylamide is a synthetic chemical compound commonly used in many branches of industry. Researchers have found acrylamide in certain foods that were heated to a temperature above 120[degree]C. Ginseng is a widely used herbal medicine with numerous beneficial effects. Ginseng is suggested to contribute to a protective effect in neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of ginseng against the midbrain injury induced by acrylamide in adult male albino rats. A total of 35 adult male albino rats were used. They were divided into three groups. Group I [15 animals] was allowed water ad libitum and fed a standard diet [control]. Group II [10 animals] was given acrylamide orally by means of a gastric tube daily at a dose of 30 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Group III [10 animals] was given acrylamide daily at the same dissolution, dose, route and duration as group II concomitantly with ginseng solution through a gastric tube at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Samples from the brainstem were taken and processed for light and electron microscopic investigation. Light microscopic examination of the midbrain of the acrylamide-treated animals showed signs of injury. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells were more abundant in the midbrain of treated animals compared with control animals. Ultrastructural study of the midbrain of the acrylamide-treated group showed dilated RER in association with mitochondria with destroyed cristae. Many myelinated nerve fibers showed degenerative changes. These structural changes were much less pronounced in animals concomitantly treated with acrylamide and ginseng. Ginseng can reduce the severity of the injurious effects induced by acrylamide

possible protective effect of corticosteroids on bleomycin induced pulmonary toxicity light and electron microscopic study

Bleomycin is an antitumor antibiotic having a high significant activity and wide use in the clinical field. The most serious adverse reaction to bleornycin therapy is the life-threatening pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis. Was to study the effect of bleomycin injection with and without corticosteroid on the lung of adult male albino rat using light and electron microscopy. 30 adult male albino rats were used dividing into two main groups; group A [control group], group B [experimental group] included 20 rats, ten rats each injected i.p with 0.5 mg of bleomycin sulphate twice weekly for four weeks and ten rats each injected i.p with 0.5 mg of bleomycin sulphate twice weekly for 4 weeks in concomitant with daily i.m. injection of 0.4 mg of prednisolone for the same period. Bleomycin treatment induced variable degrees of lung injury disrupting the normal architecture. Overexpansion of alveoli alternating with collapse of others, congestion of blood vessels, cellular infiltration and fibrosis were all observed. Ultrastructurally, pneumocyte II showing disrupted mitochondria and destruction of lamellar bodies. Pneurnocytes type II were predominant replacing the disappeared pneumocyte type I in the alveolar lining. Activation of alveolar macrophages and deposition of collagen fibres in the interstitial tissue were all noticed. Concomitant use of bleomycin with pridnisolone revealed the same histological changes. Only the pneumocyte type II proliferation was less and increase in collagen fibers deposition was not observed comparing with control. Corticosteroids inhibited or at least delayed pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin treatment

Histological study of the effect of Di [2-ethyihexyl] phthalate [DEHP] on the adrenal cortex of adult male albino rat and the possible protective role of ginseng

Phthalates are widely spread environmental contaminants because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Di-[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate [DEHP] is the most abundant phthalate in the environment. Ginseng enhances adrenal gland function and improves physical performance, promotes vitality and increases resistahce to stress, aging and oxidants. The purpose of the present study was to study the histological effect of DEHP and Panax ginseng on the adrenal cortex. Forty adult male albino rats were used and were divided into four main groups [10 animals each]; a control group, Panax ginseng treated group which received 3.6 mg/rat of Panax ginseng orally once daily for 4 weeks, DEHP treated group which received 2.85 mg/kg body weight of DEHP orally once daily for 4 weeks and the fourth group received a combination of daily ginseng and DEHP for 4 weeks. Specimens of adrenal cortex were processed for histological study by light and electron microscopes. In DEHP treated rats, the cells of the three cortical zones, showed apparent increase in the cytoplasmic vacuolation and irregular darkly stained nuclei. Ultrastructurally, degenerative changes were observed in the cortical cells especially in the zona fasciculata in the form of cytoplasamic vacuolation, mitochondrial degeneration and increased lipid droplets. When Panax ginseng was added most of the morphological changes were resolved to be more or less similar to the control group. DEHP had a toxic effect on adrenal cortex which could be resolved by concomitant administration of Panax ginseng. So, it is advised to give ginseng to those exposed to DEHP especially in industries

Alterations of the glomerular podocytes in puromycin aminonucleoside [PAN] EXPE rimental nephrosis in adult male albino mice an ultrastructural and immunofluorescence study

Advances in molecular genetics have led to the discovery of specialized protein molecules endowed in podocytes as responsible for proteinuria. However, the precise function and the molecular interactions among these proteins remain unclear. The present work was done to verify immunohistochemically the glomerular localization of nephrin and podocin in normal and experimental protein uric animal models, and to correlate tile findings with the ultrastructural alterations. Forty adult male albino mice were used and divided into five groups, the first group was the control and the other four groups were the experimental. Animals of the experimental groups received a single intravenous injection of puromycin aminonucleoside [PAN], and were sacrificed at 1, 2, 10 days and 3 weeks post-injection respectively. Nephrin and podocin localization was assessed by immnunofluorescence microscopy using polyclonal antibodies against nephrin and podocin, while morphological changes were determined by electron microscopy. Normal kidney sections showed a consistently linear staining pattern for both nephrin and podocin, whereas, sections from PAN-treated animals, showed a granular labelling pattern as well as marked loss of both proteins. Ultrastructurally, swelling, fusion and even complete effacement of the foot processes, and loss of the slit diaphragms were observed. The present study showed that nephrin and podocin distribution was altered in PAN-treated rats, and this occurred in parallel with foot process effacement. Nephrin and podocin labelling returned to normal with improved resolution of the effacement

Ultrastructural study on the effect of dexamethasone with and without clenbuterol on the diaphragmatic muscle of adult male albino

Animal and clinical studies have shown respiratory muscle dysfunction caused by treatment with glucocorticoids. Beta-agonists and glucocorticoids are frequently coprescribed for chronic asthma treatment. This work was done to investigate whether clenbuterol was able to ameliorate the structural changes induced hr long-term low-dose dexamethasone administration. Muscle samples were obtained from five groups of adult rats: group I, represents the control rats; group II. represents Sham control animals, group III represents animals receiving clenbuterol orally; group IV represents animals receiving dexamethasone subcutaneously, whereas, group V represents animals receiving both, treatment [dexamethasone and clenbuterol]. At the end of 4th week, rats were anaesthetized, perfused with, 1.5% buffered gluteraldehyde and then sacrificed. The diaphragmatic muscle strips were immersed in 2.5% buffered gluteraldehyde for 24 hours, postfixed in 1% OsO[4] for 2 hours and then, processed to be examined with TEM. Dexamethasone induced myofibrillar disorganization and destruction. The distinct ban ding pattern of sarcomeres was lost. The mitochondria showed increased subsarcolemmal aggregation, transverse orientation, and destruction of their cristae. Sarcoplasmic reticulum showed irregularity, dilatation, and loss of their relationship to A-I junctions. Also, mononuclear cellular infiltration was observed. In combined treatments [DEX + CL], the changes induced by DEX alone were generally minimized. Dexamethasone could induce severe structural changes in the diaphragmatic muscle of rat, timid these changes could be generally minimized on concomitant administration of clenbuterol

Immunohistochemical localization of aquaporins-2, 3 and 4 in epithelial cells of different organs of adult male albino rat

The aquaporins [AQPs] are a family of small membrane-spanning proteins that are expressed at plasma membranes of many cell types involved in fluid transport. More than 10 mammalian aquaporins have been identified, and these are selectively permeated by water [aquaporins] or water plus glycerol [aquaglyceroporins]. The aquaporin family of water channels plays a fundamental role in transmembrane water movement in numerous plant and animal tissues. However, the localization and expression of the AQP family members in different tissues have not been entirely elucidated. This work aimed to demonstrate the distribution and localization of some members of the aquaporin family [AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4] and to speculate on their possible roles in water balance regulation in different tissues. For this purpose, twenty adult male albino rats were used and specimens of different organs were removed. Specific aquaporin-2, aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-4 antibodies were utilized to characterize the localization of AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 respectively in some epithelial cells of the rat by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, AQP2 was confined to the apical plasma membranes of collecting duct principal cells. On the other hand, AQP3 was localized at the basolateral membranes of collecting duct principal cells and tracheal epithelial cells as well as at the plasma membranes of the basal and intermediate cells in the stratified epithelia of ureter, urinary bladder, urethra and oesophagus. Meanwhile, AQP4 was colocalized with AQP3 in collecting duct principal cells and was specifically localized in the basolateral membrane of parietal cells of gastric glands. It is suggested that these aquaporins may cooperate to maintain water balance in different cells

Light and electron microscopic study of the effect of low estroger level on the heart of adult female rats

Oestrogen has first been employed as a contraceptive either alone or combined with other hormone during the female reproductive life. It is known that its blood level decreases with age, when its withdrawal causes health problems. The morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and other health problems increase at the time this steroid is declining, hence hormonal replacement is recommended. Induction of low blood oestrogen level is attained through the administration of the non-steroidal antioestrogenic compound tamoxifen citrate [0.2 mg/100 gm b.w.]. Oestrogen compensation was achieved by the oestrogenic compound oestradiol benzoate [0.6 mg/100 gm b.w.], all administered subcutaneously three times weekly for 12 weeks. Forty adult female rats were divided into four groups often animals, they received saline solution [control], antioestrogen alone, oestrogen and its antagonist and oestrogen alone. The cardiac tissues were dissected out at the end of the experimental period, processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for light microscopy. Parallel tissue specimens were processed for E.M. study. The results have revealed many changes after the antioestrogen administration. Specifically, interstitial edema, splitting, destruction and necrosis of the myocardial fibers and cellular infiltration have been detected. At E.M. level, there have been marked destruction of myocardial filaments, cytoplasmic degeneration and swollen and destructed mitochondria. It was apparent that when oestrogen was administered with its antagonist, had reduced the untoward effects which were demonstrated in the cardiac tissues when exposed to the antioestrogen alone, although hemorrhagic areas, vascular congestion and endothelial cytoplasmic vaculations have been detected. Meantime, oestrogen alone did show mild adverse effect. This would explain the cardioprotectivity inherent in oestrogen whenever no contraindication for its employment is eminent

Histological change of intraneural and peri-neural injection of the local anesthetic ropivacaine in the rat sciatic nerve

Neural damage is a possible complication during locoregional anaesthesia. Damage may be caused by direct trauma, toxicity of the local anaesthetic drugs or ischaemia from decrease in the nerve blood flow. These mechanisms may occur either alone or in combination. We have studied the histological findings of perineural and intraneural injection of ropivacaine in rat sciatic nerve. 60 male albino rats were assigned into two equal groups. Group I received intraneural ropivacaine [50 microl] on the right sciatic nerve and an equivalent volume of saline intraneurally on the left sciatic using an insulin needle. In group II, the same volumes of ropivacaine and saline were injected perineurally on the right and left sciatic nerves respectively. Each group was subdivided into three equal subgroups according to whether the animals were sacrificed at 10 minutes 7 days or 30 days after injection. Nerves were harvested, fixed and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Nerves injected perineurally with ropivacaine showed intraneural disruption, edema and fibroblasts after seven days. Nerves injected intraneurally with ropivacaine or saline presented with disruptions, edema and hemorrhage immediately after injection. After 7 days, disruption, degeneration and regeneration were observed. Mitochondrial swelling was observed 7 days after intraneural and perineural ropivacaine but not after saline. In both groups, regeneration started early [after 7 days] to become more or less complete after 30 days. These results demonstrate the safety of the use of ropivacaine for peripheral nerve block even if inadvertent intraneural injection occurred. However, to avoid neuropathy, the use of nerve stimulator should be encouraged to avoid nerve trauma during repeated puncture in the search for paraesthesia. Injection should be stopped if painful to avoid intraneural injection

Ultrastructural study of the effect of chronic cadmium toxicitey on liver of albino rats

Cadmium is a highly toxic non-essential trace metal that contaminates the environment due to its wide use in industry. It is also claimed that most foodstuffs are contaminated with Cd, since plants appear to be able to take up Cd from the soil. This study was carried out in order to demonstrate the changes occurring in the liver following subcutaneous injection of Cd. Thirty adult male albino rats were used. The control group [A] received subcutaneous injections of distilled water. The treated animals were divided into 2 equal groups [B and C] and both received subcutaneous injections of CdCl[2] as 0,5 mg/Kg body weight/3 times a week. The animals of group B were killed after 8 weeks, while those of group C were killed after 12 weeks of CdCl[2] administration to study the toxic effects of the drug. E/M examination of liver samples from group B showed vacuolation of the cytoplasms of hepatocytes, loss of microvilli, depletion of glycogen, proliferation of sER, increased secondary lysosomes and swelling of the mitochondria. Intranuclear membranous vesicles were observed as well as the condensation of chromatin. In group C these changes were more evident and the deposition of collagen in-between hepatocytes and in the space of Disse was also noticed