ABSTRACT
Abstract Herein, four cases of scorpion stings caused by Tityus apiacas recorded from the municipality of Apuí, in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon, are described. Patients showed systemic clinical manifestations, described as unusual, involuntary, and generalized tingling and numbness, reported by patients as an electric shock sensation, lasting up to 24 hours after the sting. All patients described local pain and sensation, along with other clinical symptoms including local edema and erythema. Systemic manifestations were not life threatening. Antivenom therapy was administered to all patients, who were discharged without complaints.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Scorpions/classification , Antivenins/therapeutic use , Scorpion Stings/drug therapy , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic infection that originated in the Americas and is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. In the last few years, the disease has spread to countries in North America, Asia and Europe due to the migration of Latin Americans. In the Brazilian Amazon, CD has an endemic transmission, especially in the Rio Negro region, where an occupational hazard was described for piaçaveiros (piassaba gatherers). In the State of Amazonas, the first chagasic infection was reported in 1977, and the first acute CD case was recorded in 1980. After initiatives to integrate acute CD diagnostics with the malaria laboratories network, reports of acute CD cases have increased. Most of these cases are associated with oral transmission by the consumption of contaminated food. Chronic cases have also been diagnosed, mostly in the indeterminate form. These cases were detected by serological surveys in cardiologic outpatient clinics and during blood donor screening. Considering that the control mechanisms adopted in Brazil's classic transmission areas are not fully applicable in the Amazon, it is important to understand the disease behavior in this region, both in the acute and chronic cases. Therefore, the pursuit of control measures for the Amazon region should be a priority given that CD represents a challenge to preserving the way of life of the Amazon's inhabitants.
Subject(s)
Animals , Digestion/genetics , Horses/genetics , Pancreatic alpha-Amylases/genetics , Salivary alpha-Amylases/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution , Base Sequence , Biodiversity , Edible Grain/chemistry , Dietary Carbohydrates , Genetic Variation , Genotyping Techniques , Horses/classification , Italy , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas é um problema emergente e negligenciado na Região Amazônica. MÉTODOS: Descreve-se uma série de casos agudos autóctones de doença de Chagas atendidos na Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, de 1980 a 2006. RESULTADOS: Registraram-se 29 casos, sendo 19 do sexo masculino e 10 casos do sexo feminino. Quinze eram casos isolados e 14 provenientes de surtos. Os sinais/sintomas mais freqüentes foram febre, fadiga, cefaléia, mialgia, calafrios, palidez, dispnéia e edema de face e de membros inferiores. Não foi registrado nenhum óbito. CONCLUSÕES: A doença incidiu com frequência em jovens. Os métodos parasitológicos mostraram elevada sensibilidade.
INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is an emerging and neglected problem in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This study describes a series of acute autochthonous cases of Chagas disease that were attended at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, Manaus, between 1980 and 2006. RESULTS: Twenty-nine cases were recorded: 19 (65.5 percent) were male and 10 (34.5 percent) cases were female. Fifteen (51.7 percent) were isolated cases and 14 (48.3 percent) were from outbreaks. The commonest signs and symptoms were fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia, chills, pallor, dyspnea and edema of the face and lower limbs. No deaths were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The disease occurred frequently among young people. The parasitological methods showed high sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Acute Disease , Brazil/epidemiology , Insect VectorsABSTRACT
A análise da distribuição de triatomíneos é essencial para a formulação de estratégias de controle da doença de Chagas na Região Amazônica. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados de capturas realizadas em ambientes silvestres e artificiais, em localidades rurais e urbanas de Manaus, Amazonas. Dos 115 triatomíneos coletados, 85 (73,9 por cento) são da espécie Rhodnius pictipes, 25 (21,7 por cento) de Rhodnius robustus e cinco (4,4 por cento) de Panstrongylus geniculatus. A taxa de infecção natural por flagelados foi de 5,9 por cento para Rhodnius pictipes e 8 por cento para Rhodnius robustus. Nenhum exemplar de Panstrongylus geniculatus estava infectado. Todos os exemplares infectados eram oriundos de fragmentos de matas da zona urbana. Verificou-se que 106 (92,2 por cento) triatomíneos foram coletados no ambiente silvestre e nove (7,8 por cento) nas unidades domiciliares pela busca ativa. O gênero Rhodnius predominou nitidamente no ambiente silvestre. Os exemplares de Panstrongylus geniculatus, todos adultos, foram coletados no intradomicílio. Não foram encontrados indícios de colonização domiciliar por triatomíneos.
Analysis of the distribution of triatomines is essential for formulating control strategies for Chagas disease in the Amazon region. In this paper, the results from trapping in wild and artificial environments in rural and urban localities in Manaus, Amazonas, are presented. Out of the 115 triatomines collected, 85 (73.9 percent) were of the species Rhodnius pictipes, 25 (21.7 percent) of Rhodnius robustus and five (4.4 percent) of Panstrongylus geniculatus. The rate of natural infection by flagellates was 5.9 percent for Rhodnius pictipes and 8 percent for Rhodnius robustus. None of the specimens of Panstrongylus geniculatus were infected. All of the infected specimens were from forest fragments in the urban zone. It was found that 106 insects (92.2 percent) were collected from the forest environment and nine (7.8 percent) in households, by means of the active search. The genus Rhodnius clearly predominated in the wild environment. The specimens of Panstrongylus geniculatus (all adults) were collected inside homes. There were no signs of domestic colonization by triatomines.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Panstrongylus/parasitology , Rhodnius/parasitology , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission , Housing , Insect Vectors/classification , Population Density , Panstrongylus/classification , Rural Population , Rhodnius/classification , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Após detectar larvas de Aedes aegypti em área rural de Manaus, realizou-se durante dois anos consecutivos um trabalho de notificação da ocorrência dessa espécie naquela área, através da vigilância entomológica, ferramenta que representa um importante papel entre as medidas preventivas contra doenças de transmissão por insetos em particular as arboviroses.
After detecting Aedes aegypti larvae in the rural zone of Manaus, entomological surveillance was carried out over two consecutive years in order to notify occurrences of this species in that area. The tool of entomological surveillance has an important role among the preventive measures against diseases transmitted by insects, particularly arbovirosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/classification , Insect Vectors/classification , Brazil , Culicidae/classification , Population Density , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
A study of crepuscular and night-biting mosquitoes was conducted at remote settlements along the Padauiri River, middle Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Collections were performed with human bait and a CDC-light trap on three consecutive days per month from June 2003-May 2004. In total, 1,203 h of collection were performed, of which 384 were outside and 819 were inside houses. At total of 11,612 specimens were captured, and Anophelinae (6.01 percent) were much less frequent than Culicinae (93.94 percent). Anopheles darlingi was the most frequent Anophelinae collected. Among the culicines, 2,666 Culex (Ae.) clastrieri Casal & Garcia, 2,394 Culex. (Mel.) vomerifer Komp, and 1,252 Culex (Mel.) eastor Dyar were the most frequent species collected. The diversity of insects found reveals the receptivity of the area towards a variety of diseases facilitated by the presence of vectors involved in the transmission of Plasmodium, arboviruses and other infectious agents.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Culicidae/physiology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Brazil , Culicidae/classification , Insect Bites and Stings , Insect Vectors/classification , Periodicity , SeasonsABSTRACT
In 1979, the first autochthonous case of Chagas disease in the Western Brazilian Amazon was reported and an entomological survey was carried out around it. Specimens of Rhodnius pictipes and Rhodnius robustus were collected in intradomicile and sylvatic ecotopes. Adult bugs were infected with trypanosomatids. Invasion of houses by triatomines was demonstrated and the presence of infected bugs inside dwellings was associated with the possibility of vector-borne Chagas disease. Continuous entomological surveillance employing additional taxonomic tools is needed in the Brazilian Amazon in order to better understand the dynamics of house invasion by sylvatic triatomines and the risk of Trypanosoma cruzi infection transmission.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Chagas Disease/transmission , Housing , Insect Vectors/classification , Rhodnius/classification , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Brazil , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Rhodnius/parasitologyABSTRACT
A biodiversidade da Região Amazônica inclui diversas espécies de vetores artrópodes em seus diferentes ecótopos, possibilitando o surgimento de doenças como malária, filarioses e arboviroses. De agosto de 2001 a julho de 2002, realizou-se coletas de culicídeos no domicílio, peridomicílio e nas matas da Comunidade São João, área rural de Manaus, Amazonas. Foram capturados 1.240 culicídeos, pertencentes às subfamílias Culicinae (99 por cento) e Anophelinae (1 por cento), somando 50 espécies. O predomínio entre as tribos foi nitidamente de Culicini, com 904 (72,9 por cento) exemplares, destacando-se as espécies Culex usquatus (22,6 por cento) e Culex quinquefasciatus (17,7 por cento). Do total de culicídeos, 1.077 (86,9 por cento) exemplares foram capturados no interior das matas, 101 (8,1 por cento) no peridomicílio e 62 (5 por cento) no intradomicílio. O ecótopo com maior diversidade de espécies foi a mata. Assinalou-se a presença de Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles triannulatus, Aedes aegypti, Haemagogus janthinomys e outros vetores comprovados ou potenciais.
The biodiversity of the Amazon region includes many species of arthropod vectors in different ecotopes, thus enabling occurrences of diseases like malaria, filariasis and arbovirosis. From August 2001 to July 2002, we gathered culicids from inside homes, from areas surrounding these homes and from forested areas of the São João Community, in the rural zone of Manaus, State of Amazonas. 1240 specimens were collected, belonging to the Culicinae (99 percent) and Anophelinae (1 percent) subfamilies, with 50 species. The Culicini tribe clearly predominated, with 904 specimens (72.9 percent), and the species Culex usquatus (22.6 percent) and Culex quinquefasciatus (17.7 percent) were prominent. Out of the total number of culicids, 1,077 (86.9 percent) were caught in the forests, 101 (8.1 percent) in the areas surrounding homes and 62 (5 percent) inside homes. Forests were the ecotope that presented the highest species diversity. The presence of Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles triannulatus, Aedes aegypti, Haemagogus janthinomys and other proven or potential vectors was recorded.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Culicidae/classification , Insect Vectors/classification , Biodiversity , Brazil , Population Density , Rural PopulationABSTRACT
No período de agosto de 2001 a julho de 2002, usando armadilhas CDC e Disney, realizaram-se coletas de flebotomíneos, na base de árvores no peridomicílio e nas matas da Comunidade São João, área periurbana de Manaus, Amazonas. Foram capturados 4.104 espécimes, pertencentes a quatro subtribos, 13 gêneros e 49 espécies da subfamília Phlebotominae. Predominou a subtribo Psychodopygina com 3.403 (83 por cento) espécimes, destacando-se Nyssomyia umbratilis, Nyssomyia anduzei, Trichophoromyia eurypyga, Bichromomyia olmeca nociva e Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. O registro de Nyssomyia umbratilis e Nyssomyia anduzei, incriminadas como vetoras de Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, e de Bichromomyia flaviscutellata e Bichromomyia olmeca nociva, de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, indicam risco de infecção para os moradores da área. A grande maioria (98,5 por cento) dos flebotomíneos foi capturada na área de mata. Nyssomyia anduzei e Bichromomyia olmeca nociva foram coletadas no peridomicílio. A riqueza de espécies vetoras de Leishmania nessa área revela a necessidade de uma vigilância entomológica constante.
From August 2001 to July 2002, sand flies were collected from the bases of trees and, using CDC and Disney traps, from areas surrounding homes and forested areas in the São João community, on the urban periphery of Manaus, State of Amazonas. 4,104 specimens belonging to four subtribes, 13 genera and 49 species of the Phlebotominae subfamily were collected. The subtribe Psychodopygina predominated, with 3,403 (83 percent) specimens, especially of Nyssomyia umbratilis, Nyssomyia anduzei, Trichophoromyia eurypyga, Bichromomyia olmeca nociva and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. The occurrences of Nyssomyia umbratilis and Nyssomyia anduzei, which have been incriminated as vectors for Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis, and of Bichromomyia flaviscutellata and Bichromomyia olmeca nociva, for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, indicate that there is a risk of infection for people living in this area. Most (98.5 percent) of the sand flies were caught in the forested area. Nyssomyia anduzei and Bichromomyia olmeca nociva were collected from areas surrounding homes. The richness of vector species for Leishmania in this area shows the need for constant entomological surveillance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors/classification , Psychodidae/classification , Brazil , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Os autores descrevem o resultado de dois anos de investigação de um foco de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA), ocorrida em área urbanizada em um conjunto habitacional na cidade da Manaus-AM. Chama atenção o fato de que este não é o padrão de ocorrência de surtos da doença na região, e sim interrupção da transmissão após urbanização. Foram investigados os animais considerados reservatórios em potencial para a leishmaniose em domicílios humanos e em áreas de floresta adjacentes. Foram testados anticorpos contra Leishmania spp em amostras de sangue de cães e detectada reatividade pela reação de imunofluorescencia indireta em oito (20,51 por cento) dos examinados. Entre os animais silvestres examinados a espécie Didelphis marsupialis foi predominante, com 20 exemplares capturados, sendo encontrados homoflagelados em três destes e lesões suspeitas de leishmaniose cutanea em dois. Acredita-se que um assentamento populacional desordenado ocorrido nas adjacências tenha causado o deslocamento das populações de vetores e reservatórios naturais em direção às casas do conjunto Hiléia propiciando o surto.
This is the result of a two year follow-up of a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) foci in the Hileia urban neighborhood in Manaus. It is important to point out that this is not the usual pattern of Leishmaniasis occurrence in this area. The authors investigated the animal potential reservoir in households and in the surrounding forest area. Samples were tested for leishmaniasis antibodies by RIFI. Eight (20.51 percent) of the examined domestic dogs showed reactivity. In captured wild animals, the Didelphis marsupialis was predominant in twenty specimens, three with homoflagelated in the blood and two with suspicious cutaneous lesions. We believe that the disordered population growth in the nearby area pushed the population of vectors and natural reservoir toward the homes in the Heleia neighborhood creating conditions for this outbreak.
Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Animals, DomesticABSTRACT
Descreve-se o perfil epidemiológico da leishmaniose visceral entre índios no estado de Roraima, Brasil, baseado na ocorrência de casos humanos observados e nos inquéritos caninos e entomológicos realizados no período de 1989 a 1993. Foram registrados 82 casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral em seis dos oito municípios então existentes no estado; houve predomínio de 69,5 por cento para o sexo masculino entre os casos observados. A maioria (52,4 por cento) dos casos foi entre crianças de zero a dez anos de idade. Registrou-se o índice de 10,3 por cento de infecção canina natural, entre 3.773 cães examinados em 74 localidades pesquisadas. A Lutzomyia longipalpis foi encontrada nas áreas de maior prevalência da doença, em 31 localidades diferentes. Os casos humanos, caninos e vetores estão concentrados em regiões onde predominam serras e lavrados, áreas características de ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral americana. A introdução e intensificação das atividades garimpeiras na região podem ter contribuído para a introdução da doença.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Dogs , Dog Diseases , Indians, South American , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Age Distribution , Brazil , Dog Diseases , Endemic Diseases , Incidence , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
A partir de exemplares de Aedes albopictus coletados em área urbana no município de Manaus, AM, Brasil, e das informações sobre a presença desse mosquito em vários municípios do Estado do Amazonas, registra-se pela primeira vez a introduçäo dessa espécie nesse Estado.
Subject(s)
Circumcision, Male , HIV Infections/transmission , Africa , HIV Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Em 1996, foi realizado um levantamento da fauna de Culicidae (coleta de adultos e imaturos) em cinco dos dez municípios onde foram registrados 14 casos de febre amarela silvestre (Rio Preto da Eva, Iranduba, Manacapuru, Manaquiri e Careiro). Os mosquitos foram coletados utilizando-se armadilhas de luz CDC, inspeções domiciliares e captura com tubos coletores para isca humana. Foram identificadas entre adultos e imaturos 36 espécies de Culicidae, entre estas, nove foram encontradas apenas na fase imatura. Dentre os adultos, coletou-se espécies de Haemagogus janthinomys, Ha. leucocelaenus e Aedes fulvus, incluídas entre os vetores de febre amarela silvestre