Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Avena sativa L. on morphine withdrawal signs in male mice

Background and Purpose: It showed that antidepressants may reduce the abuse potential of opioid. In other hand, studies showed avena sativa has antidepressant and sedative properties. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Avena sativa on morphine withdrawal signs in male mice

Material and Methods: In this experimental study forty male NMRI mice [20-30 g] were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8: control groups received morphine and normal saline [10ml/kg] and other groups received ethanol [3%] and different doses of ethanolic extract of Avena sativa [50,100 and 200mg/kg] .Morphine dependency was induced using a four- day schedule method with 50, 50, 75 and 50 mg/kg dosing respectively. In fourth day 2 hours after single dose of morphine, naloxone was injected [5 mg /kg] and withdrawal signs were recorded with number of jumping and diarrhea, grooming, wet dog shake, teeth chattering, writing, climbing as scores of 0 to 3 during 30min.The data were expressed with one-way ANOVA for quantities and Mann-Whitney U test for qualities data's and they were analyzed with SPSS 15 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant

Results: The present study findings showed that all doses of ethanolic extract_ of Avena sativa compared to control group, significantly and dose- dependently decrease the number of jumping in morphine dependent mice [56.12 +/- 6.46, 40.0 +/- 5.33 and 31.5 +/- 2.5 respectively]] P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively].Grooming and teeth chattering also decreased with all doses of extract [P<0.05]. Wet dog shakes, climbing and rearing significantly decreased only by high doses [200mg/kg] of extract. Diarrhea also decreased with 100 and 200 mg/kg of extract [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Findings of present study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of avena sativa attenuate morphine withdrawal signs .But, Further studies need to be carried out to better understanding of their mechanism

[Impact of disability and depression on quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis]

Background: Disability and depression are important predictors of reduced quality of life in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis [MS]

Objective: This study was performed to assess the effect of disability and depression on the quality of life individuals with MS

Methods: This was a comparative study, performed on 53 individuals with MS and a group of healthy individuals following age and sex adjustment in the city of Qazvin in 2009. These people were compared using the quality of life questionnaire [SF-36], Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS], and the Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, linear regression and multivariate analysis

Findings: Patients with MS had lower scores compared to the general population [healthy individuals] in subscale of the SF-36. The EDSS score was only predictive for physical functioning. Depression was significantly higher in those with MS than the healthy group [P<0.01]

Conclusion: Considering the effect of disability and depression on quality of life in patients with MS, the application of dual methods of medical and psychological treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with MS is recommended

[Clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomized primary molars restored with stainless steel crown and amalgam]

Statement of Problem: Pulpotomy is the most common pulp treatment in primary teeth. Final restoration of the pulpotomized primary molar can affect the success rate of treatment

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of formocresol pulpotomy in primary molars restored with stainless steel crowns as compared to those restored with amalgam

Materials and Method: In this randomized clinical trial study, 110 primary molars to be treated with pulpotomy were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. Then these teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups: amalgam and crown. 55 teeth were restored by stainless steel crown and 55 by amalgam. The clinical and radiographic evaluation was done at 6-12-24 months. The data were analyzed by Exact Fisher test

Results: During the 6 months of evaluation, no clinical and radiographic failure was seen. In the 12 months of follow up in the amalgam group, 1 case showed swelling and furcal radiolucency. During the 24 months of evaluation, mobility was seen in 2 teeth in the crown group, and in the amalgam group radiolucency was seen in 1 case, mobility in 1 case, and internal resorption in 1 tooth. Exact Fisher test showed that there was no significant difference in the success rate of pulpotomized molars restored by stainless steel crown and amalgam

Conclusion: If the tooth is selected correctly for pulpotomy, SSC and amalgam restoration can be used as the final restoration

[ vitro evaluation of the effect of carbonated acidic beverage on micro hardness of the enamel of primary teeth]

Consumption of acidic carbonated beverages is the most important etiologic factor for dental erosion. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in microhardness of enamel in sound deciduous canine exposed to cola [Zamzam], lemon soft beer [Behnoosh] and tap water. This experimental study was performed on 30 sound deciduous canines without caries and cracks. The teeth were divided into three groups and primary microhardness was determined. Microhardness was 359/2 +/- 33/1 in Delster, 371/97 +/- 25/5 in ZamZam Cola and 325/77 +/- 52 in water. Specimens were taped to leave the 4mm[2] window of exposed enamel. Then the specimens in each group were exposed randomly into tap water, lemon soft beer and cola for 5 minutes. Finally, secondary microhardness of the enamel was measured by the Vickers method. The enamel microhardness change in each group was studied with the Paired T test and between the groups with ANOVA test. The results showed that secondary microhardness of deciduous enamel after exposure to tap water was 98.2% of primary microhardness. Secondary microhardness for carbonated beverage and soft beer was 81.9% and 86.7% of the original microhardness, respectively. The changes were statistically significant in the beverage and soft beer groups [P=0.001], but not significant for tap water [P=0.07]. Zamzam Cola and Delester decreased the microhardness of deciduous tooth enamel. The decrease of microhardness was less for Delster compared to Zamzam Cola

Invitro comparison of proroot MTA and root MTA micro leakage in repairing of furca perforation in primary teeh

Perforation is one of the most important causes of failure of endodontics treatment. Several materials have been proposed for non surgical repair of furcal perforation and MTA is one of them. The aim of this study was to evaluate repairing of furcal perforation of primary molars with Root MTA and Pro Root MTA. This in vitro study was conducted on 54 teeth that were randomly divided into four groups: Root MTA [n=24], Pro Root MTA [n=24], positive and negative controls [n=6]. After preparation of access cavity, perforations were made and the perforation areas were repaired with Root MTA and ProRoot MTA.After staining and preparation of mesiodistel longitudinal section, dye leakage was measured with stereomicroscope. The data was analyzed with Mann Whitney test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level. The data showed that ability of sealing of ProRoot MTA is more than Root MTA. Based on the results of this study Root MTA is not a suitable substitute for ProRoot in repairing of furcal perforation of primary molars

[Evaluation of treatment needs and different performed treatments in the Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences]

Treatment is successful when the patient refers on time and the disease is recognized soon. On the other hand, evaluation of the most common and important diagnostic-treatment needs in every center has an important role in program planning. The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic needs and performed treatments in different departments of DentalSchool, Shahid Beheshti University on 2007-2008 This research was designed to evaluate the existing data. 2000 records [written-computerized] of the patients, referred to the Oral Medicine department of dental school, on 30 active days were randomly selected and studied. Also 150 records were randomly selected to evaluae the causes of seeking dental services. The data was analyzed using chisquare test. This study was accomplished on 2000 patient records of which 53/6% were female and 46/4% were male. Samples age was 31/6+-16/2.The most common complaints were toothache [31%], tooth restoration [19/5%], checkup [9/2%], tooth replacement [8%] and periodontal diseases [6/9%]. Diagnostic-treatment needs were as follows: tooth restoration [71%] radiography [69/5%], periodontal treatment [56/6%], endodontic treatment [52/2%] surgery [38%], fixed prosthesis [12/9%] orthodontics [5/4%]. Maximum referral was to radiology [97/3%] and minimum was to removable prosthodontic department [54/4%]. The maximum performed diagnostic-treatment procedures were accomplished in radiology [36%] and operative [15%] and the minimum were in pathology and orthodontic [1/4%] departments. Needs in patients referring to Oral Medicine department were more than their requests but they have not returned to complete their treatments on a regular basis

[Histopatological evaluation of pulpal response of primary teeth following pulpotomy with formocresol, ferric sulfate and Iranian mineral trioxide aggregate]

Formocresol is one of the most common pulpotomy madicaments in the primary teeth. Because of its systemic and local side effects, it may be essential to use another material instead of formocresol. The purpose of this study was to assess the pulpal response after pulpotomy in the primary teeth using 3 different agents: formocresol, ferric sulfate and Iranian MTA. In this randomized clinical trial, 30 teeth of 14 children that were to be extracted because of orthodontic treatment were selected. These teeth were divided randomly into three groups of 10. The teeth in each group were pulpotomized with formocresol, ferric sulfate and MTA, respectively. These teeth were extracted after 2 months and the pulpal responses were evaluated according to the degree of inflammation and extent of pulpal involvement. Dentinal bridge formation was also evaluated. Finally, the data were analyzed with Kruskal-wallis and sign test. In the formocresel group, moderate and severe inflammation was seen in 5 cases, necrosis in 4 cases, and abscess in 1 case. In the ferric sulfate group, moderate and severe inflammation was seen in 5 cases, necrosis in 1, abscess in 1, and internal rsorption in 1 case. In this group, dentinal bridge was formed in 1 case. In the MTA group, severe inflammation was seen in 1 case and dentinal bridge formation in 7 cases. Kruskal-wallis test revealed that inflammation in the MTA group was less than that of formocresol and sulfate ferric, significantly [p < 0.05]. Sign test showed that dentinal bridge formation in the MTA group was more than that in formocresol and ferric sulfate, significantly [p < 0.05]. Based on the results of this study, Iranian MTA can be used in primary teeth pulpotomy

[ effect of chlorine - dioxide on reduction of bacterial contamination of dental unit water systems]

Dental unit water Systems [DUWS] have been demonstrated to be contaminated with biofilms. This biofilm could be a site for growth and colorization of pathologic microorganisms. The aim of this research was to measure the Total Cultivable Flora [TCF] in DUWS of Khorasgan dental school and the effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide on its reduction. In this research, 60 samples of water from high speed turbines, air-water syringes, cabitrons and wash basins were collected. The samples were cultured in agar nutrition media and incubated for 5 days. After the incubation period, colonial counting was done by HPC method. In the next stage, stabilized chlorine dioxide was added in a container for each unit and ethic samples were taken from air-water syringes, cabitrons and turbine outlets. As for the first stage, after 5 days of culture and incubation, the samples were observed under microscope for counting the bacterial colonies. Kruskal-Walis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. A high level of bacterial contamination [more than 200 CFU] was observed in high speed turbines, air-water syringes, cavitrons and wash basins. The highest colonial count was observed from cavitron and the lowest from washbasin outlets but the difference was not statistically significant. After using chlorine dioxide, the amount of bacterial colonies was significantly reduced [p < 0.05]. The amount of bacterial contamination in DUWS of Khorasgan dental school was higher than the accepted level. These bacteria were mainly opportunistic. The addition of an anti-bacterial agent in the DUWS will significantly reduce the bacterial count to an acceptable level

[Clinical and radiographical success of pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate compared with formocresol in primary molars]

Formocresol is the common drug in pulpotomy of primary molars. In some studies it has been shown that, this material has the potentiality of some side-effects, so it is essential to find other alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol. In this experimental study, 70 deciduous molars of children aged 4-8 years old were pulpotomized with mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol. The clinical and radiographic follow up was done at 6, and 12 months. The data was analyzed by Fisher exact test. At the end of 12 months follow-up, success rate was 92.14% and 93.55% in formocresol and mineral trioxide aggregate group respectively. Based on the results of this study there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographical success between MTA and formocresol

Measurement of [137]Cs in soils of Tehran province

An amount of artificial radionuclide has been released into the environment as fallout, resulting from atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl and together with air currents have polluted the world. 37 surface soil samples of Tehran province were collected in the period between June and September 2008, by implementing methods and standard instruments. The concentration of the artificial radionuclides [[137]Cs] in the soils of Tehran province were determined by gamma spectroscopy [HPGe], and the data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results have been compared with other radioactivity measurements. The concentration of [137]Cs found in top soils [0-5 cm], in the depth of [12.5-17.5 cm] and in the depth of [27.5-32.5 cm], ranged from 0.29-28.82 Bq.kg[-1], 0.3-19.81 Bq.kg[-1], 0.8-7.43 Bq.kg[-1], respectively. The total average of [137]Cs activity, in the above depths was, 11.30, 4.87 and 1.8 Bq.kg[-1], respectively. Considering the obtained results from high average values of [137]Cs in Europe and its relation to Chernobyl accident, and the higher average concentration of [137]Cs in Tehran province, can also be attributed to Chernobyl accident due to the proximity of Iran to the place of the accident's occurrence

Comparative study on the effect of combine low dose contraceptive pills administered by the oral and vaginal routes on bleeding pattern in dysfunctional uterine bleeding

It has been shown that contraceptive pills, which are commonly used orally, have some side effects, such as vomiting, nausea, high blood pressure. Vaginally usage of the contraceptive pills reduces these side effects. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of orally and vaginally usage of low dose contraceptive pills on bleeding pattern in dysfunctional uterine bleeding. In this clinical trial study, 100 women who had been referred to the Shahid-Beheshti and Al-Zahra hospitals of Isfahan as having dysfunctional uterine bleeding were divided into two equal groups. Groups 1 were given contraceptive pills orally and group 2 vaginally. Using pictorial bleeding assessment, the amount and duration of uterine bleeding were measured at the beginning and end of the study. In addition, the side effects of the pills were evaluated at the end of the study from both groups. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Low dose contraceptive pill in vaginal route decreased bleeding amount and duration of bleeding more effectively than oral rout [P < 0.05]. The side effects of contraceptives, such as nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in orally-used group compared to the vaginally-used group [P < 0.05], but vulvo-vaginitis was significantly higher in vaginally-used group [P < 0.05]. Using the contraceptive pill by vaginal rout is a safe method with few side effects compared with the oral rout

Evaluating the effect of exercise on the postpartum quality of life

Mothers are potentially susceptible to some complications, postpartum which would affect their wellbeing. So, it is essential to deliver appropriate postpartum care, to improve physical, mental and social wellbeing. The current study was carried out to assess the effect of physical exercise on postpartum maternal physical, mental, social and general wellbeing. This is a semi-experimental, anterograde study which was fulfilled on experiment and control groups. The data was gathered by interviewing and a self-made questionnaire. The data was analyzed using independent t-test by SPSS software. Findings demonstrated that the experiment group scored higher in all aspects of life quality. Significant statistical difference was noted in general [P= 0.000], social [P= 0.011] and mental wellbeing [P= 0.005]; while, the difference between two groups in physical wellbeing was statistically significant. Various aspects of life quality would be affected by postpartum physical exercise. So, women should be encouraged to take exercise, postpartum to improve their quality of life

Mandibuloacral dysplasia in an Iranian girl

Mandibuloacral dysplasia [MAD] is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome. Less than 25 families have been reported, most of which are Italian. Here, we describe a new patient of Iranian origin, born to consanguineous parents

[Public knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy in Tehran]

Despite advances in medical science and modern technology, epilepsy remains as a stigmatized condition and negative public attitude toward epilepsy is a common phenomenon especially in developing countries such as Iran. It is the major factor causing serious social discrimination against people with epilepsy which in turn may be more devastating than the disorder itself. Thorough understanding of the knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy is essential to modify these negative attitudes. We conducted a face-to-face questionnaire interview survey in crowd locations of Tehran in August, 2004-April 2005. A total of 1079 persons all more than 15 years old were asked to fill the questionnaire. Eighty eight percent of respondents had heard about epilepsy before, 42.2% of them knew one person with epilepsy. However, out of responses about the causes of epilepsy, 52/4% said it was caused by brain damage, 26.4% said it was an inherited disease, 14.3% said it was due to fever, 34.8% believed stress as the cause of it and 1.1% said evil spirits was the cause. 56.9% considered pregnancy to be appropriate for epileptics. 94% believed children with epilepsy could go to school and have normal education. According to this survey, public knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy in study population is not satisfactory. It is suggested that additional efforts must be made to increase the knowledge of the general population through education programs especially among school children