ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Nicotine is an addictive substance and Ritalin is a medicine which has been prescribed for treatment of hyperactivity / attention deficit disorder [ADHD]. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Ritalin and nicotine and combination of Ritalin and nicotine on daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserve in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 120 adult male BALB/c mice were r and omly allocated into one control group and 11 experimental [treatment] groups. Animals, in the first, second and third treated groups were received nicotine at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 microgr/kg/bw, respectively. Mice in fourth and fifth treated groups were received Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in sixth and seventh treatment groups were received nicotine in 400 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin in 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw and in eighth and ninth groups, nicotine at dose of 200 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in tenth and eleventh treated groups were received nicotine as dose of 100 microgr/kg/bw and Ritalin at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Ritalin and nicotine were administrated orally for 40 days. At the end of study, daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserve were measeared. Results: The daily sperm production was significantly reduced in the groups with high consumption doses of nicotine and different doses of Ritalin and the majority of groups which used the combination of Ritalin and nicotine [P<0.05]. The epididiymal sperm reserve was significantly increased in experimental groups of 8, 9, 10 and 11 which were received the combination of Ritalin and nicotine in different doses [P<0.05]. Conclusion: The combination of Ritalin and nicotine reduces daily sperm production and it incereases epididiymal sperm reserve in adult BALB/c mice
ABSTRACT
Background: The main part of ovary is consisted of follicles which certain drugs may cause change in them
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Methylphenidate on ovarian follicle of mice, treated by Ritalin before puberty
Methods: 40 immature female mice at 3 weeks of age were divided into 4 groups, consisting of one control and 3 experimental groups. The experimental groups were gavaged by 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg methylphenidate respectively and the control group received only distilled water with the same method for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the mice were weighed and then the serum levels of FSH and LH were assessed and structural changes of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea were studied
Results: The mean difference of body weight in experimental groups compared with the control group which showed a significant reduction [p<0.05]. In experimental groups compared with the control group, a significant reduction in pre enteral, enteral follicles, corpora lutea and a significant increase in atretic follicles were observed [p<0.05]
Conclusions: Ritalin intake for a long period may increase the number of atretic follicles and decrease corpora lutea, so subsequently results in reduction of the growth of follicles and oocytes as well as inducing the atypical appearance of the cells in the luteinized cells
ABSTRACT
Having newborns of low birth weight [LBW] is one of the most common and controversial problems facing pediatricians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors involved in and the outcomes of the LBW newborns among primiparae women admitted to Valieasr Hospital in Zanjan. This is a retrospective study on the patients' files in the delivery section of Valie Asr Hospital in Zanjan [2003-2004]. The necessary information was recorded by filling out the questionnaires. A total of 3229 primiparae pregnant women were assessed, 291 of whom had delivered LBW newborns. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson's Chi square Method. 10% [n=29 1] of the total deliveries in the study [n=3229] were found to be of LBW. 21% of the mothers giving birth to LBW newborns were younger than 20 years old [P<0.00l] and 26% of them were older than 35 years old. The rate of LB W was more common among preterm newborns [P<0.00l]. Also the mothers with a history of previous abortion [P<0.00l], placenta abruption [P<0.001] and placenta previa [P<0.001] were more likely to have newborns with LBW. Mothers younger than 18 years old, preterm newborns and mothers having a history of previous abortion are among the risk factors for having LBW newborns. Therefore, educating young women about pregnancy and promoting obstetric cares, especially in cases of high risk pregnancy may be useful to decrease the risk level of having LBW newborns