[Comparison of analgesic effect of valeriana officinalis and mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea]

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and frequently disabling condition among women in adolescence and reproductive age. Based on results of large epidemiological studies, it is estimated that over a half of the population of young women suffers from dysmenorrhea. Some people are now seeking alternatives to conventional medicine such as herbal drugs. Objective: This study was designed to compare the analgesic effect of Valeriana officinalis with Mefenamic acid in treatment of primary dysmenorrheal

Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was undertaken among 39 female aged 16 to 42 who suffered from primary dysmenorrhea referred to gynecology clinic in Hajar hospital, Shahrekord, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Valeriana officinalis [n=18] and Mefenamicacid [n=21]. In intervention group, the patients took350mg Valerian three times a day, and in mefenamic group, the patients took 250 mg Mefenamic three times a day for three days[for three cycles], starting from the onset of bleeding or pain. Participants were followed for three cycles. Main outcome measures was the mean of pain severity at 3 months which recorded by Visual Analogue Scale

Results: There were no significant differences in age, menstural duration, menstural interval, and pain severity score at the beginning of the study in two groups [P>0.05]. After the intervention, findings of the study revealed statistically significant reductions in mean of pain score in Valeriana officinalis [P<0.001] and Mefenamic acid [P<0.001] groups, but this reduction had not significant differences between two groups [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Results shows that valerian has positive effect on treatment of primery dysmenorrheal. More clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of Valeriana officinalis in primary dysmenorrheal

[ effect of agriculture activity on quality of life in chronic schizophrenic patients]

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder with pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment. The present study aimed to determine the effect of agriculture activity on quality of life in chronic schizophrenic patients

Method: This survey was a quasi- experimental study in which 52 eligible patients with chronic schizophrenia were assigned randomly in intervention and control groups [n=26]. The study was conducted in Sina psychiatry Hospital. The intervention period was three months. The patients in control group received routine treatment. The patients in intervention group were participated in agricultural activity in addition to routine treatment. The demographic questionnaire and schizophrenia quality of life scale were completed at the beginning and the end of the study. The research data were analyzed by descriptive statistical indexes including mean, standard deviation and inferential statistical methods like Student t-test and Chi square

Results: The study groups were homogeneous in demographic variables and quality of life scores at the baseline. At the end of study, the agriculture activity group showed significant improvement by mean of quality of life [P<0.001], but there was no significant change in control group [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Regarding to the impact of agricultural activity on improving quality of life in patients with schizophrenia, it seems that this treatment method can be used as part of routine treatment for this patients

[Effect of initiation time of oral hydration on the return of bowel function and woman's satisfaction after elective caesarean section in primiparous women]

Abdominal operations as gynaecological procedures result in gastrointestinal dysmotility. Early feeding and ambulation are nonpharmacologic interventions which can be useful in re-initiation of bowel function. This study was done to evaluate the effect of early oral hydration on the return of bowel function and woman's satisfaction after elective caesarean section in primiparous women. In this randomized clinical trial, 120 primiparous women undergone elective cesarean section were assigned to control and intervention groups in Hajar hospital, Shahrekord, Iran during 2007. In the interventional group, oral hydration with liquids was started 4 hours after surgery regardless of presence of bowel sounds and solid food was started after bowel sounds appeared. The control group recieved liquid diet 12 hours after the operation if it was tolerated, they were given soft diet and regular food at the next meal. The return of bowel activity, time of ambulating, satisfaction, discharge from the hospital and complications were compared in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS-15, Chi-Square, T and one way ANOVA tests. The mean postoperative time interval to first hearing of normal intestinal sounds in interventional versus control groups were [9.5 +/- 1.38 and 12.5 +/- 2.5 hours] the first passage of flatus [15.7 +/- 3.61 vs.22.4 +/- 4.1 hours], time to first sensation of bowel movement [10.8 +/- 1.99 versus 15.7 +/- 3.4 hours] and defecation [18.9 +/- 3.65 versus 23.4 +/- 4.85 hours]. These differences were significant [P<0.05]. Also discharge from the hospital [0.96 +/- 0.18 versus 1.1 +/- 34 days] were significantly shorter in interventional group [P<0.05]. The women in the early feeding group got out of bed [patient mobilisation] earlier than their interventional group [14.1 hours versus 18.8 hours [P<0.05]. Maternal satisfaction was significantly higher among the early fed women [P<0.05]. Early oral hydration after elective cesarean section associated with rapid resumption of intestinal motility and increased woman's satisfaction

[ causes of formula milk consumption in the infants under 1 year old in Charmahalva Bakhtiari provins Iran, 2007]

Background and aims: In spite of the importance of breast feeding, as an exclusive manner, continuing the breast feeding is ignored frequently. So identifying the factors related to non tendency for breast feeding could be effective in planning for progress of breast feeding. This study was performed to determine the causes of formula milk consumption in infants in Charmahal va Bakhtiari province

Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 411 under one year old infants in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Iran were selected through cluster randomized sampling. In this study a self making questionnaire was used which was consisted of some demographic information about mother and infant, diseases related to breast feeding and evaluating some factors related to tendency for using formula milk. This study conducted in 2007. The data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test

Results: In this study, %51.6 of mothers were from rural areas and most of them [%59.7] were between 20-30 years of age. Generally about %76.1 of infants were using formula milk after 6 months. Our Results showed that most of the mothers and infants did not demonstrate any disease related to breast feeding. There was a significant difference between rural and urban infants, educational level of mother, age, and the kind of feeding [P<0.05]. Inadequacy of mother milk was the most [%43.1] important reason of using formula milk

Conclusion: This study showed the limited knowledge of the mothers and health care personnel about the breast feeding and it is needed to continue educating the mothers during their pregnancy period and afterward

[Determination of hydrogen peroxide index in the consumption edible oils in fast food shops]

Background and aims: Peroxide is the first compound which is produced after oxidation of fats and oils. When the peroxide level increases to specific amount, adverse taste and odor will be released due to volatile compounds. Peroxides may contribute in different diseases such as; atherosclerosis, progeria, allergic inflammation, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, respiratory distress syndrome and different liver dysfunctions. The main objective of this study was to determinate hydrogen peroxide index in both cooked and uncooked [raw] oils in fast food shops in Shahrekord during 2009 to 2010

Methods: This cross-sectional study was accomplished on 50% of Shahrekords' sandwich shops. In this research, 160 samples were gathered from 40 sandwich shops [4 samples per shop, two samples from uncooked and two samples from cooked oils] in the beginning and the end of the week, respectively. Samples were analyzed for hydrogen peroxide based on Association of official analytical chemists [AOAC]. Allowable standard levels of hydrogen peroxide for solid and liquid oils are 2 meq/kg and 5 meq/kg, respectively. Data were analyzed with application of Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test using SPSS software

Results: Results showed that peroxide value was more than standard level in all of samples. Peroxide increasing percentages for two kinds of oils were as below: 1- for uncooked oils 45% in the beginning and 25% at the end of the week; 2- for cooked oils 100% in the beginning and 97.5% at the end of week. According to the statistical analysis, there is significant relationship between uncooked and cooked oils in the beginning and at the end of the week both in edible and fried oils [P<0.001]. However; no significant relationship was found between cooked oils in the beginning and at the end of the week both in edible and fried oils [P>0.05]

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, approximately 100% of solid and liquid cooked oils [both edible and non-edible oils] had a peroxide index higher than standard limit. It is highly recommended that health centers authorities try to manage a specific educational program for fast food shops owners and also they have to schedule time table for proper supervision

[Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers in Shahrekord, 2009]

Background and aims: Barbers are public places and people with different economical, cultural, and health conditions are referred to these places and the public health care, could be very important. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination level in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers by determining the fungal and Staphylococcus aurous infections

Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, data collection was done by completing the checklist. Microbial and fugal analysis were included the germ tube and Slide culture

Results: Staphylococcus aurous was the main bacterial contamination at the rate of 12.4%. The causes of fungal contamination included Dermatophyte [Microsporum nanum] 1%, Candida albicans 8.2%, Penicillium 11%, Rhizopus 3.3% and Scopulariopsis less than one percent

Conculsion: The results show that the infection ratio by the Staphylococcus aurous and Dermatophyte in the barber's equipments in Shahrekord is lower than the other reports

[Comparison of perineal repair techniques of continuous and standard interrupted suturing in normal vaginal delivery]

Post-delivery surgical repair of the perineal region is frequently associated with pain and discomfort. The surgical technique may play a role in the intensity of pain and the wound healing process. This study was conducted to compare the influence of applying standard continuous versus interrupted suturing on pain sensation and the frequency of wound infection following episiotomy. In a randomized double blind clinical trial, 148 healthy women with normal vaginal delivery and sustained episiotomy were studied in the Hajar hospital, Shahrekord. In one group, perineal muscles fascia and skin tissues were repaired with continuous non-locking sutures. Standard interrupted locking suturing was applied for the next group. Pain feeling and wound infection were evaluated at 2 hours, 10[th] and 40[th] days of post-delivery by Visual Analog Scale and the signs of discoloration of skin, edema, purulent discharge, and wound dehiscence, respectively. Data were analyzed by t-student, X2 and Mann-Whitney tests. Pain intensity, the amount of consumed suturing material and the allocated time were less in the cases with continuous suturing [P<0.001]. The mean of pain intensity was 2.66 +/- 2.5 versus 3.84 +/- 2.56 and 0.53 +/- 1.63 versus 0.6 +/- 1.04 at 10[th] and 40[th] days after delivery in continuous and standard interrupted suturing groups, respectively [P<0.05]. Signs of wound infection were observed only in 4 cases [12.5%], all of which belonged to the standard interrupted suturing group. There was a statistically significant inter-group difference in terms of the frequency of observed wound infection [P<0.05]. The pain intensity and the chance of wound infection is less in continuous suturing of episiotomy wounds. It also is a safer and more cost-effective method as it lowers the bedding time of the mother and needs for surgical material

[Pediatric pain management by nurses in educational hospitals of Shahrekord in 2006]

Pain is a health problem and major part of the life in childhood, pain associated with different illnesses is one of the most common symptoms that children experience in the hospitals. Relieving pain is always an essential part of nurses caring role, but yet they feel weakness in pain management. The purpose of this study was to determine pediatric pain management by nurses, in the education hospitals of Shahrekord, Iran. This research was a descriptive and analytic study which conducted on 100 nurses. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire with for subscales: demographic data, knowledge [20 items], attitude [20 items], and practice. Data were analyzed by the independent T-test, one way ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation. The finding showed that the mean knowledge, attitude and practice of pediatric pain management by nurses were 13.09 +/- 1.9, 76.1 +/- 7.2, 8.42 +/- 2.9 and majority of nurses demonstrated knowledge [73.1%], attitude [69.1%] and practice [71.3%] moderated. There was not a significant difference between practice with knowledge and attitude of nurses about management of pain in children. This study demonstrated that the knowledge, attitude and function of the nurses about the pediatric pain management were intermediate. It showed that they need to become more aware of pharmacologic pain management with opioids, risks of addiction, non pharmacologic pain management, and respiratory depression and assessment tools of pain

[ effect of occupational therapy on positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients]

Poor social, self-care, and vocational functioning are criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia in most diagnostic systems. Consequently, improving the social behaviors of persons with schizophrenia has been a key target of psychiatric rehabilitation. The occupational therapy is a non organic therapeutic that causes elevated self stem, foppishness and strengthening of occupational behaviour. The aim of this survey is the effect of occupational therapy on the positive and negative symptom's of schizophrenic patients with bear out their symptoms. This survey is an experimental study that, positive and negative symptom's of schizophrenic patients assessed with scale for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms. Then the samples consisted of schizophrenic patients divided randomly into case [30] and control [30] groups. Occupational therapy was performed in case group within a period 20 hours in week for 6 months, then patiants assessed repeatly with SAPS.SANS. Quantative analysis of data was undertaken by using paired and dependent t students tesats and Willcoxon test .Results demonestrated the mean of the total score of negative symptom 72.5 +/- 19.5 and posetive symptom 112 +/- 32.57. Also occupational therapy effected on the posetive and negative symptom's of schizophrenic patiants. In posetive symptom occupational therapy effected on the hallusination and bizzare behaviour [P<0.001], for all noeffected on dellusions and thought. In negative symptom occupational therapy effected on the apathy and involition, attention disorders, anhedonia and thought disorders [P<0.001], for all noeffected on inappropiate affect. The occupational therapy is a non organic therapuitic that causes elevated self steem, foppishness and strengthening of occupational behaviour

[ effect of intramuscular ephedrine on hypotension during spinal anesthesia in Cesarean]

Two of the side effects of the spinal anesthesia for caesarian are the hypotension of mother and bradycardia of the fetus. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of intramuscular [i.m.] ephedrine for prevention of the hypotension associated with the spinal anesthesia. Ninety patients undergoing elective caesarian section under spinal anesthesia, were assigned to three groups in a randomized clinical trial study. Group 1, "control group" didn't receive ephedrine, while case groups "group 2 and group 3" received 25 mg and 50 mg ephedrine [i.m.] 5 minutes before the spinal anesthesia respectively. The mean arterial pressure [MAP] was recorded at 1, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia, and the differences of these mean arterial pressures [DMAP] from that of 5 minutes before spinal anesthesia were calculated. The MAP and the differences were significantly different between the three groups. We concluded that 50 mg ephedrine prevents hypotension during 30 minutes after the spinal anesthesia, but 25 mg ephedrine prevents hypotension only at 5 minutes after the spinal anesthesia. Therefore 50 mg ephedrine could be used to prevent mother's hypotention during spinal anesthesia

[ prevalence of personality disorders in male prisoners of Shahr-e-Kord prison]

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of personality disorders in male prisoners in Shahr-e-Kord prison

Method: 203 men, 16years or older were selected through a systemic random procedure as the subjects of the study. They were then assessed by a clinical interview checklist based on ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Where there was a discrepancy on diagnosis, MMPl-2 was used as an aid

Findings: The prevalence of personality disorder was 55.2% amongst the subjects. The most prevalent disorders were antisocial personality disorders [18.2%], schizoid personality disorder [8.4%], and dependent personality disorder [8.4%].They were followed by border line [7.4%], mixed [3.4%], histrionic [3%], obsessive [3%] and paranoid personality disorder [2.5%]. The results also indicated that the prevalence of personality disorder based on the sort of crime was the highest amongst the robbers, [64.1%] followed by inmates incarcerated for drug addiction, murder, drug dealing, and fraud respectively at 60.9%, 55.6%, 55%, and 40.9%. There were also a significant correlation between-the subjects' marital status, educational level, and age with personality disorders

Results: The high prevalence of personality disorders among prisoners suggests a broader investigation and prevention measures by judicial system, prison authorities, and medical personnel