ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: the development of multidrug resistant [MDR] strains of K. pneumoniae is a matter of great concern and horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the most important factors in the creation of multidrug-resistant [MDR] bacteria. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of class 1 integrons and their gene cassettes among MDR K. pneumonia strains isolated from clinical specimens
Materials and Methods: this cross-sectional study included 181 samples of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from outpatients and hospitalized patients between November 2013 and June 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated samples were determined by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The presence of class 1 integrons and embedded gene cassettes were investigated in MDR strains by polymerase chain reaction assay. Using SPSS 17, statistical analyses were carried out by chi-square [Chi[2]] and Fisher exact tests. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant
Result: of 181 isolated samples, 150 [82.9%] were multidrug resistant. The most and the least resistance rates belonged to ampicillin [98.7%] and imipenem [24%] respectively. Class I integrons were seen in 150 [100%] of MDR isolated samples and 147 [98%] of them contained gene cassettes of five different kinds
Conclusion: we found a high frequency rate of class 1 integrons and embedded gene cassettes in MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae in the hospitalized patients in Kashan which can play an important role in the creation and transmission of antibiotic resistance
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli [STEC], as one of the most important food-borne pathogen, in human may lead to deadly syndromes, like hemolytic-uremic syndrome [HUS]. Occurrence of HUS following urinary tract infection [UTI] has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to identify stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes in E. coli strains isolated from urine samples in Alashtar [Lorestan, Iran]. A total number of 144 bacterial isolates were collected from three hospitals in Alashtar during a six-month period. One-hundred E. coli isolates were identified using the standard biochemical tests as well as the selective and differential media. The multiplex PCR method was used to evaluate the presence of stx1, stx2 and eaeA genes. Two out of 100 E. coli isolates carried both stx2 and eaeA genes and one isolate [1%] only sxt1gene. Moreover, the three genes were not found in any of the isolates tested. Detection of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [e.g. O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 serotypes], which may lead to life-threatening syndromes such as HUS, from urine samples is of great importance. Further research in this field using the fast and precise molecular methods is recommended
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Prevalence , Urine/microbiology , Shiga Toxin/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Foodborne Diseases , Multiplex Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Salmonella is one of the leading causes of food-borne diseases. Increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, especially multidrug-resistance, in Salmonella serovars is a major public health problem worldwide. This study was carried out to detect class I integrons and antibiotic resistance profiles in clinical isolates of Salmonella serovars collected from seven hospitals in Tehran during November 2009 to June 2010. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of 19 antibiotics against 58 Salmonella isolates commonly used in humans was determined using disk diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration against ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin was studied. PCR assays were used to detect class I integrons. Among 58 Salmonella isolates, 72.4% were Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, 8.7% were Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium and 18.9% were other serovars. Of the total 58 Salmonella serovars, 43 [74.1%] were multidrug resistant and showed resistance to three or more antibiotic families. Class I integrons were identified in 38 [88.3%] MDR Salmonella isolates. Ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 0.125-2 microg/ml for four isolates and other four isolates exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone [MIC 64-256 microg/ml]. The high prevalence of class I integrons was seen in our MDR Salmonella isolates and class I integrons might play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants
ABSTRACT
Breast self examination [BSE] is an easy and inexpensive method to screen breast cancer and unlike Mammography, BSE performing is widely possible in developing countries. The incidence rate of breast cancer is higher in developed countries but it is being increased in developing countries such as Iran as a result of lifestyle change and reproductive pattern similar to those in western countries thus affecting Iranian women at a younger age and at advanced stages. Due to the fact that BSE should perform monthly after the age 20, the aim of the present study was to determine instruction effect on students' knowledge and attitude of female students upon BSE. 174 students were selected by cluster random sampling and questionnaires were completed by interview. After that an instructional program was planned for them with the model being presented through live lecture. Finally the same questionnaires were completed again after 4 months by interview. The data were then analyzed by S.P.S.S software [ver10]. The mean scores of students' knowledge and attitude were significantly increased after education. [p<0.001]. These findings showed that Iranian students' knowledge of BSE is inadequate. It may be due to two causes: 1. there is no formal instructional programs about awareness of breast cancer for this age group in Iran. 2. As the students are unmarried and very young, they may rarely refer to health care centers. The importance of BSE has been highlighted and it is recommended that BSE instruction be put in the students' curriculum