Prevalence of chronic complications and associated factors in type 2 diabetes

To determine the prevalence of chronic complications and associated factors in type 2 diabetes in 500 diabetic patients, age >/= 25 years, attending the clinic of Diabetic Association of Pakistan [DAP], Karachi. Every 5th registered diabetic patient >/= 25 years age, was examined for the presence/absence of micro and macro vascular complications and associated factors. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c, lipid profile and serum creatinine. Urine was examined for albumin and microalbumin. Of the 500 diabetic patients examined [160 males, 340 females, mean age 55.2 10.6 years], retinopathy was seen in 43%, neuropathy in 39.6% and foot ulcers in 4%. Nephropathy was found in 20.2%, and was significantly associated with hypertension. The prevalence of microvascular complications was higher in the group of patients with HbA 1 c >8% and was significantly related to duration of diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Hypertension was manifest in 64.6% patients, 61% had raised Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio was more than normal in 88% subjects. Macrovascular complications were encountered in 102 diabetic patients, with angina in 85 [17%], heart attack in 25 [5%] and stroke in 13 [2.6%]. The prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications was higher in people with poor glycaemic control, longer duration of diabetes and associated hypertension and obesity

Prevalence of gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome in Pakistan

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and the pregnancy outcome of women registered at the Aga Khan Maternity Home, Karachi was studied. Initial screening was by a glucose challenge test with 50 g glucose. If the 1-hour blood glucose level exceeded 130 mg%, then a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g glucose was performed. Diagnosis was based on O'Sullivan's criteria. Insulin was prescribed if the fasting blood glucose was more than 95 mg%, and the 2-hour post-prandial over 125 mg%, after a week of diet therapy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 3.45% with an aggregate birth weight of 3.24 kg, and perinatal loss of 2.08%. The mean blood glucose values were 93.46 mg% fasting and 117.03 mg%, 2 hours post-prandial