ABSTRACT
Background: the used equipment in streets or urban furniture is the most important components of the cities. This paper aims to identify the weak and strength points of urban furniture not only in designing, building and positioning but also its influence on disasters increase after an earthquake
Methods: this research has studied the vulnerability of the mentioned components based on current standards. In order to study all current standards of urban furniture and comparing them with the current status, the district 6 of Tehran city [Hafte Tir SQ - Blv. Keshavarz], as a case study, was selected
Findings: regarding to the studied standards in this research, some necessary safety points are ignored in urban furniture such as place and way of installation, structural resistance and availability
Conclusion: there is not any suitable regulation and standard in the field of urban furniture in Tehran in spite of compiling the structure standards and urban furniture design
ABSTRACT
Vertigo is the sign of vestibular system complications that induce sense of rotation in individual toward environment or the patient himself. It also induces imbalance in gait and operational activities of patients that may lead to depression in individuals. In this study Cawthorne-cooksey exercises were used to remove signs of vestibular system complications and consequently improve balance and gait in patients suffer from vestibular complications. This study was a non-randomized prospective quisi-experimental investigation done in physiotherapy clinic of Al-zahra hospital in Isfahan province during the year 2007. As a consultation with expert statisticians, among old patients with vestibular system complications referred Al-zahra hospital, 41 patients were enrolled in to our study non-randomly. The exercises were taught to patients during three steps. Patients were asked to perform each group of exercises 10 minutes three times a day for one week. To assess the balance, gait, quality of life and depression in patients before and after treatment and also after one month follow-up, we used Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, Dizziness Handicap Inventory, and Beck questionnaire respectively. To analyze data paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used. There was statistical significant difference in balance before and after treatment [P < 0.001], before treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001], and also after treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001]. There was statistical significant difference in gait before and after treatment [P < 0.001], before treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001], and also after treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001]. There was statistical significant difference in quality of life before and after treatment [P < 0.001], before treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001], and also after treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001]. There was statistical significant difference in depression before and after treatment [P < 0.001], before treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001], and also after treatment and after follow-up [P < 0.001]. We conclude that using Cawthorne-cooksey exercises lead to improve balance, gait, quality of life and depression in adult patients for at least one month. To achieve desired treatment goals, patients should continue their daily activities even after one month for a long period of time