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1.
Journal of Dental Medicine-Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 18 (4): 31-41
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-77738

ABSTRACT

The bonding mechanisms of self etching primers, based upon the simultaneous etching and priming of dentin, simplifies the bonding technique, but the efficiency of these systems is still controversial. This study compared the shear bond strength of three self etch adhesive systems in dry and wet conditions. In this experimental study, 77 intact bovine lower incisors with flat 600 grit sanded enamel surface were fixed in acrylic molds and divided into 7 groups, of 11 teeth. The enamel surfaces were treated according to a special procedure as follows: Group 1: Prompt L-Pop [PLP] in dry condition, Group 2: Prompt L-Pop in wet condition, Group 3: Clearfield SE Bond [CSEB] in dry condition, Group 4: Clearfield SE Bond in wet condition, Group 5: iBond [iB] in dry condition, Group 6: iBond in wet condition, Group 7: Margin Bond [Control] in dry condition. Surfaces were air dried for ten seconds, or blot dried in wet condition. Composite resin was bonded on the enamel and built up by applying a cylindric teflon split mold [4 mm height 2mm diameter]. After 24 hours storage in dionized water at room temperature, all specimens were thermocycled and shear bond test was employed by a universal testing machine [Instron] with a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. The shear bond strength was recorded in MPa and data were analyzed with ANOVA and Scheffe statistical tests. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mode of failure was examined under a stereomicroscope. 1- Shear bond strength of CSEB in dry condition [21.5 +/- 4.8 MPa] was significantly higher than PLP and iB groups [p<0.0001]. 2- Shear bond strength of iB and PLP groups in dry condition [9.60 +/- 2.2, 9.49 +/- 3 MPa] were significantly lower than CSEB and control [2.99 +/- 5.1 MPa] [P<0.0001]. 3- There was no significant difference between PLP and iB groups in dry condition [P=1]. 4- Shear bond strength of CSEB in wet condition [21.8 +/- 3 MPa] was significantly higher than PLP and iB groups [P=0.0]. 5- Shear bond strength of CSEB [10.8 +/- 3 MPa] and PLP [10.6 +/- 4 MPa] in wet condition were significantly lower than CSEB and Control groups [P=0.0]. 6- There was no significant difference between PLP and iB groups in wet condition [P=0.99]. 7- Shear bond strength of the three adhesives had no significant difference in dry and wet conditions [PLP: P= 0.53, CSEB: P= 0.84, iB: P= 0.53]. The mode of failure in two groups of PLP and two groups of iB was predominantly in the adhesive bond and in the two groups of CSEB, mixed failure [adhesive with cohesive in composite] was predominantly observed. CSEB had higher while iB and PLP showed lower bond strength to ground enamel. The three self-etch adhesives in this study did not show technique sensitivity to wet and dry enamel


Subject(s)
Composite Resins , Shear Strength , Dental Enamel , Dental Etching , Adhesives
2.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2005; 1 (4): 301-305
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-70916

ABSTRACT

One of the undesirable characteristics of some groundwater sources is hardness, which has some adverse effects on water pipes, boilers and soap consumption. Therefore several treatment processes have been introduced to remove or reduce the hardness from hard waters. One of the new innovations in this regard is crystallization process. Hardness can be removed from hard waters by growth of calcium carbonate crystals in a fluidized bed reactor called pellet reactor. The design, setting up, starts up and reaching optimal condition for calcium carbonate crystallization process in a pellet reactor which has been initially seeded with sand as a crystal citation can be a successful solution for treatment of hard waters. The chemistry of pellet softening process is essentially the same as conventional softening process, instead of precipitation of calcium carbonate which does not have any useful consumption and must be removed once in a while some how, crystallization process in a fluidized bed reactor produces pure solid grain of calcite. These pellets can be used in some industries and are in fact an economic commodity. For this purpose a pilot was set up as a crystallization reactor and water with total hardness ranging from 150 up to 500 mg/l as CaCO 3 was fed to the system with a flow rate of 24 l/hr. To remove hardness, caustic and soda, lime milk was fed to the system separately at first stage at then together. The formation of CaCO 3 crystals on the surface of sands represented the reduction of hardness. An analysis is made for the characteristics of a softed water resulted from the use of caustic soda, lime milk or both as regent


Subject(s)
Water/chemistry , Water Softening/methods , Calcium Carbonate/chemistry
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