[Evaluation of furazolidone reabsorption in the dog bladder following ileocystoplasty]

Drug absorption within intestinal urinary diversions has been reported to cause prolonged and higher grade toxicity. The aim of this study has been to determine the importance and significance of drug absorption via neobladder after ileocystoplasty. Ten healthy adult mixed breed dogs of both sexes [7 males and 3 females], weighing between 15-25 kg were selected. The animals were randomly divided into equal test and control groups. In treatment group, partial cytectomy, resecting 50 percent of the bladder and immediate ileocystoplasty was performed by Lamesch and Dociu technique. In control group an ileal resection and intestinal tract re-anastomosis was achieved without partial cystectomy and ileocystoplasty. In all animals, blood and urine samples were taken before surgery, at hours 1, 3, 6 and 24 after oral administration of Furazolidone [100 mg/dog] and this process was repeated on days 7, 25 and 45 after operation at the same hours. After preparation of the samples, the Furazolidone was measured by HPLC assay. One way analysis of variance and Dunnet test were used for the analysis of the data and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. In test group, the blood samples showed significant changes of Furazolidone on day 25. The urine samples revealed significant changes on day 45 in both groups and on day 25 in test group. The results of this study showed absorptive effect of the ileum that decreases with time. Problems arising from drug reabsorption are usually rare and in most drugs a change in dosage [except those which have a narrow

[Histopathological evaluations of ureter and kidney after experimental ureteral anastomosis in dog]

To determine histomorphological changes of ureter and kidney following experimental ureteral anastomosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate more details about complications arising from ureteral anastomosis in dogs. Five healthy mongrel dogs weighing between 15-30 kg were used. Anesthesia was induced by acepromazine and thiopenthal sodium and maintained by halothane in oxygen in a closed circuit. After midline celiotomy, left ureter near trigon area was incised and immediately end to end anastomosis was performed in simple interrupted pattern by using polydiaxanon 6/0. All animals were euthanized at day 90 after operation and the ureters and their related kidneys were evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. The gross observations of the ureters showed obstruction [one case] and mild hydroureter [three cases]. Microscopically, hyperplasia [in epithelial and muscularis layers], fibrosis [lamina properia-submucosa and serosal layers] and different phases of inflammation and repair [in lamina properia-submucosa, muscularis and serosal layers] were observed in the ureters. Histological sections in the related kidneys revealed hydronephrosis in one case. Although ureteral anastomosis is technically difficult in small animals and has a high rate of postoperative obstruction, in case of transected or damaged ureter, ureteral reanastomosis is one of the options for veterinary surgeons. In the present study, in spite of some complications, the anastomosis has been performed successfully in 80 percent of animals and certainly meticulous surgery is mandatory to prevent ureteral obstruction

[ clinical use of combined cancellous bone graft and bone marrow on the induced tibial bone defect in dogs]

To evaluate the induction of osteogenesis of combined autogenous cancellous bone graft and bone marrow in experimental midshaft tibial bone defect. Experimental study. Seven adult mixed-breed dogs with an average age of 1.57 years and an average weight of 22.57 kg. the animals were randomly divided in to experimental [n=5] and control [n=2] groups. In each dog a bone defect [2.5 cm] was created on the midshaft of left tibia and fixed by plate and screws. In the experimental group, tibial bone defect was filled with autogenous cancellous bone and bone marrowo. These matter were harvested from the iliac crest and the medullary canal of the femur, respectively. In the control group, the defect was not filled. Postoperative clinical assessment including measurement of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and evaluation of the degree of lameness was done. Moreover, radiographic assessment of bone based on the process of bone healing periosteal reaction and soft tissue swelling were done before surgery, immediately after surgery and then 1,2,3,5,9,13 and 17 weeks after surgery. The degree of lameness in experimental group was lesser than the control ones from the day 12 to 49 [p<0.05]. Significant difference was observed in the degree of soft tissue swelling between two groups at the week 5 [p<0.05]. Moreover, difference of the periosteal reaction was not significant between two groups. The degree of bone healing process was significantly greater in the experimental group compare to control [p<0.05]. While clinical union was seen in the experimental group up to 100% [n=4] and 75% [n=1], it was not seen in the control group. The result of this study showed that the autogenous cancellous bone and bone marrow can be a reliable method for filling of 2.5 cm segmental tibial bone defect in dog. In this regard, healing of the higher size of bone defect needs to be further investigated

[Histopathological changes of urinary bladder after colocystoplasty in dogs]

To evaluate necropsy and histopathological changes in urinary bladder after colocystoplasty. Experimental study. Five healthy mixed breed dogs, weighing between 10 - 20 kg. Partial cystectomy [almost 50 percent] with immediate augmentation colocystoplasty was performed. The augmented bladders after utanasia were studied on the basis of necropsy and histopathological findings on day 45 after operation. Adhesion between graft site and adjacent viscera was the most important finding after necropsy. Histopathological findings were different types of inflammations [hemorrhagic 40%, purulent 40% and fibrinous 20%] and extension of urothelium on mucosal layer of the colon in graft site [60%]. Reparative responses in serosal layer like chronic inflammation, granular and dense fibrotic tissue formation were seen in 60%, too. On the basis of this study, in spite of adhesion and bladder inflammation, colon is a suitable part for increasing bladder capacity in dogs because of good accessibility and lack of undue tension

[Effect of aloe-vera extract on experimentally induced open wound healing in sheep]

To determine the effects of Aloe-vera extract on skin wounds healing. Experimental study. Four fat tailed sheep with 1-1.5 years old and 25-30 kg weighing. Bilateral skin wounds [two 2x2 cm full thickness as rectangular shape] were made in the cranial and caudal parts of chest. These four areas in each animal were treated individually with Aloe-vera extract [9% in Euserin], Phenytoine [1% in Euserin], pure Euserin and normal saline two times per day. In order to eliminate the effects of anatomical factors on wounds healing drugs were different from one sheep to another. Gross photographs were taken from wounds, scanned and computerized. Then total wound area, granulation of tissue and new epithelialization were measured carefully by Scion Image software. The percentages of wound healing, wound contraction and epithelialization were calculated. Paired t-test. While Aloe-Vera did not show any signifcant effect on the wound geometrical parameter. On the other hand in microscopical evaluations, reepithelialization, tissue granulation and proliferation of connective tissue in wounds were seen in response to Aloe-vera. Furthermore, collagenous fibers were thicker and well arranged in these groups too. While quantitative measurements did not show supportive effects of Aloe- vera on wound geometrical parameters, qualitative observations showed it can improve healing process and wound appearance

Clinical, radiological and ultrasonographical findings after ileocystoplasty in dog

To assess the outcome of ileocystoplasty basedon clinical, radiological and ultrasonographical findings. experimental study. Five adult mixed breed dogs, weighing between15 and 25kg. Partial cystectomy with immediateaugmentation ileocystoplasty was performed. Clinicalsigns were observed and recorded up to day 45.Reconstructed bladders were evaluated by radiology andultrasonography on days 25 and 45. Clinically the animals had a normal appetite andbehavior. No digestive or voiding problems, intestinalobstruction and no urinary leakage, infection and urinaryincontinence were observed. A mark edge at the borderlinebetween the original bladder and the ileal segment, thethickening of the suture line at the graft area, lack ofnormal distention in the ileal segment in comparison withoriginal bladder and presence of floating echogenic smallparticles in the neobladder were dominant findings basedon radiological and ultrasonographical evaluations. Onedog died 10 days after operation. Ultrasonographyrevealed urinary leakage and presence of liquid inabdomen before die and necropsy showed peritonitis andneobladder perforation. Although ileum is one of the best parts ofgastrointestinal tract for augmentation cystoplasty butperforation of the reconstructed bladder remains the rarecondition with relatively high mortality rate

[ effect of xylazine-ketamine on temperature, heart and respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure and blood gases, in sheep]

Objective: the effect of xylazine-ketamine on cardiovascular system and respiratory system was evaluated by measurement of arterial blood pressure, blood gases, temperature, heart and respiratory rate

Design: self-controlled study

Animals: five healthy sheep with an average weight of 21.4 kg were used in this study

Procedure: xylazine [0.2 mg/kg IM] was administrated 15 minutes prior to utilization of ketamine [10 mg/kg IV] in all animals. All baseline measurements [heart rate, respiratory rate and….] were taken before the xylazine administration and were taken again at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes intervals after induction of anesthesia with ketamine. Arterial catheters flushed with 2:1000 heparin solution were placed by using local anesthesia into the carotid artery via a 5 cm skin incision for measuring arterial blood pressure and collecting blood samples

Statistical analysis: repeated measure analysis of variances design and least significant difference were used to analyze data

Results: on the basis of these results, heart rate did not change significantly. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly at 30, 45, and 60 minutes after anesthesia. PaO2 declined significantly at 60 minutes and PaCO2 at first increased at 5 minute, then decreased at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes but remained significantly higher than before anesthesia, but respiratory rate did not change significantly. Temperature declined significantly at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after anesthesia

Conclusion: according to this study, xylazine-ketamine combination has a little depressant effect on cardiovascular system. This combination is responsible for a little disturbed ventilation, decreased PaO2, increased PaCO2 and declined body temperature in anesthesia