Teratogenic potential and postnatal toxicity studies of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos and permethrin

Assessment of the acute oral LD50 values of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos and permethrin in albino rats was calculated to be 269.96, 19.05 and 501.18 mg/kg, respectively. Timed-pregnant rats were dosed by gavage with these compounds at the level of 1/50 of the LD50 on gestational days [gd] 7 through 20 or gd 7 through parturition. Results of embryo-fetopathy or teratogenic effect and postnatal maturational deficits in the offspring through lactation, were reviewed and discussed. In conclusion, severe terata were induced by chlorpyrifos, followed in order by carbaryl and permethrin, respectively

Congenital malformations induced by niclosamide ethanolamine in correspondence to the LD50

The acute oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of niclosamide ethanolamine [NE] were determined in female albino rats as 6.81 g/kg and 346.74 mg/kg, respectively. In teratology study, the pregnant rats orally administered NE in dosage levels based on the oral LD50 as 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg on gestational days 9, 11 or 8 - 15. Maternal body weight gains were lower than controls. No maternal death occurred. Fetuses were removed on day 21 of pregnancy by caeserian section and examined by routine teratological methods. The resorption rate significantly increased while number of implants/litter, number of live fetuses, fetal weights and crown-rump lengths were reduced at all dose levels and treatment intervals except for fetuses from dams given 50 mg/kg on day 11 of gestation. The sex ratio of live fetuses obtained from NE treated dams on gestational period 8 - 15 indicated lethal potential towards females. A variety of gross malformations occurred, i.e. cranial meningocele, encophalocele, scoliosis, absence of external genitalia, imporforate anus, crooked tail, adactyly and club foot. In addition, NE in the higher doses [200, 400 mg/kg] on gestational days 9 or 8 - 15, exerted amelia and micraomelia. The skeletal anomalies observed included cranioschisis. non-ossification of occipital bone, delayed ossification, missing of sacral and caudal vertebrae, fusion of cervical vertebrae, misshapen, bipartite and surplus sternebrae, fused, rudimentary and missing ribs, absence of phalanges and digits. The most observed internal soft tissue malformations were dilated ventricles, cranial hemorrhage, internal hydrocephaly, microcephaly, meningoencephalocele, anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia, hepatomegaly, parietal liver hernia, increased renal pelvis cavitation, renal agenesis and/or hypoplasia, absence of ureters, enlarged adrenals, agenesis of testis, agenesis or hypoplasia of uterus. Commonly recorded anomalies included the urogenital syndrome of malformations. The occurrence of these defects was dose and period dependent. This study provided substantial evidence of the teratogenic, embryotoxic and fetotoxic potential of NE

Effect of heat processes on electrophoretic pattern of milk protein regarding major electrolytes before and after diazinon spray

10 lactating cows were sprayed with 0.1% Neocidol solution [of 60% Diazinon] as insecticide. Milk samples were collected before [act as control] and after spraying at regularly scheduled intervals [1, 7, 14 days]. Raw and heat processed [pasteurized and boiled] milk were examined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis of milk protein proportions. Electropherograms diagrammatically presented% components of euglobulin, pseudoglobulin, component III, alpha- lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and blood serum albumin in the whey fraction, and alpha, beta and gamma-casein in casein fraction were tabulated. In addition, total protein and certain electrolytes [Na, K, Cl, Ca, P] were measured. Variable results obtained were statistically analyzed, evaluated and discussed. It is concluded that milk need at least 14 days post-spray to be safe for consumption

Maternal toxicity induced by load

Pregnant female albino rats were orally administered Pb at the dosage level of 53.6 mg/kg b. wt. on days 9, 11, 9-14 or 11-14 during pregnancy. Blood and amniotic fluid were obtained on day 21 of pregnancy. Anemia was noticed in treated dams manifested by reduction in RBC, Hb content and PCV%, while MCV, MCHb and MCHC as well as WBC showed no changes. Some serum biochemical values including hepatorenal activities and main electrolytes were estimated and evaluated. Values of ALT, urea, uric acid, creatinine and K+, were elevated, while levels of glucose and Na+ decreased. However, levels of AST, cholesterol and Cl- did not differ from controls. Electrophoretic analysis of serum protein proportions showed in globulin fraction that alpha 1 and alpha 2 components significantly decreased, while beta 1 and gamma globulin increased. Nevertheless, values of beta 2, total protein and A/G ratio did not alter. Protein electrophoretic analysis of amniotic fluid revealed marked reduction in fractions beta 1 and beta 2, while gamma fraction, albumin and A/G ratio increased, but alpha-globulins as well as total protein showed no variations. Assessment of some biochemical constituents in amniotic fluid indicated that levels of glucose, uric acid, creatinine and Na+ were lowered with both single and repeated doses, while urea levels decreased with repeated doses only. However, values of cholesterol and chlorides showed nonsignificant difference. Fetuses obtained for Pb-treated mothers were submitted to electrolyte analysis and revealed marked depression in Na+ content, while K+ content increased with repeated doses only, whereas a significant rise was noticed in Cl- level with both single and repeated doses of Pb at any tested time of exposure during pregnancy. It is inferred from the current study that lead has a deleterious effect on hemopoietic system, hepatorenal functions, immunoglobulins and electrolyte balance of pregnant dams which in return reflects potential risk for both mother and fetus