Pattern of microbes associated to keratitis in patients presenting at liaquat university hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine and isolate causative organisms in the bacterial keratitis and their sensitivity and resistance to different antibacterial agents

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study containing a total of 80 patients [study participants] conducted from March 2011 to October 2012 at Ophthalmology Department of Liaquat University Eye Hospital Hyderabad. After taking informed consent, bacterial isolation procedures were done as: a corneal smear was taken after topical anesthesia, obtained by application of a drop of single dose unit; Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% [Alcon, Belgium]. A portion of each scrapping was examined microscopically for the presence of bacteria by using Gram staining and the isolated bacteria were tested for their sensitivity and resistance against the different antibiotics

RESULTS: In this study, male were found in the majority and mostly patients were from rural areas. Mostly causative organisms isolated from the bacterial keratitis were Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis among the gram positive organisms and Pseudomonas among the gram negative organisms, different types of the antibiotics as Cefazolin, Tobramycin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and the Norfloxacin were tried and showed the sensitivity with the percentage of 80%,75.0%,78.75%,73.75% and 72.5%, respectively

CONCLUSION: Mostly causative organisms isolated from the bacterial keratitis were staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis among the gram positive organisms and pseudomonas among the gram negative organisms, different types of the antibiotics as Cefazolin, Tobramycin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and the Norfloxacin were tried and showed good response regarding sensitivity

Frequency and types of diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetes; a hospital base study

Objectives: To determine the frequency and type of diabetic retinopathy in different age groups

Study Design: Descriptive Case series study

Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences [LUMHS] Hyderabad, from February 2009 to January 2010

Methods: Two hundred and forty four patients of diabetes mellitus [DM] were randomly selected and grouped out into 30-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, 61-70 years and more than 70 years of age. Each patient was evaluated for diabetic retinopathy [DR] by fundoscopy and Fundus Fluorescence Angiography [FFA]. The retinopathy was graded as 0-3 grade; grade 0= no DR, grade 1= mild DR, grade 2= moderate to severe DR and grade 3= proliferative DR. The different risk factors [age, gender, duration of DM, treatment type and hypertension] were evaluated in relation to diabetic retinopathy

Result: Among 244 patients, 149 were males and 95 were females. Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 100 [40.94%] patients. Mean duration of DM was 13 years in patients with DR and 7.5 years in patients without DR. Most of the DR was found in 40-60 years of age. Out of 244 subjects 25% patients were found with grade 1, 6.96% patients with grade 2 and 9.01% patients were found with grade 3 diabetic retinopathy

Conclusion: Most of the diabetic retinopathy cases were below the age of 60-years, and majority of DR cases presented with type 1 diabetic retinopathy

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and influence factors among newly diagnosed diabetics in rural and urban areas of Pakistan: data analysis from the Pakistan national blindness and visual impairment surgery 2003

To estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among newly diagnosed adult diabetics from the data set of Pakistan National Blindness survey 2003. We analyzed the data collected from the Pakistan National Blindness Survey, a population based survey with regards to diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors. Descriptive information for each of the variable was derived and distribution was assessed by simple tabulation and cross tabulation. We used Odds Ratio [using Mantel-Haenszel technique] and 95% confidence interval to assess association between the variables. Among the 16507 subjects [95.3% response rate] 660 [4%] were found to be diabetic. Out of these, one hundred one [15.3%] had diabetic retinopathy. We found a low prevalence of diabetic retinopathy [0.6%] among the subjects aged 30 and above. The risk of diabetic retinopathy was higher in urban diabetic subjects [OR 2.7, with 95% CI 1.08-4.1] as compared to rural areas of Sindh. In addition it was higher in hypertensive [OR 2.77 with 95% CI 1.0-4.1] and in obese [OR 2.2 with 95% CI 1.7-4.2] as compared to subjects with normal body mass index [BMI]. The prevalence of blindness in diabetic subjects was 5.9%. There were three hundred forty four [52%] subjects with diabetes with normal vision, 149[22%] subjects were with moderate visual impairment, thirty six [5.9%] subjects were blind and twenty two [3.3%] subjects were with severe visual impairment. About 214 diabetics have hypertension [32.4%], one hundred forty one [21.3%] diabetics are obese. Our study data suggests lower prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy as compared to other part of the region. There is great need to collect and monitor epidemiological data at district hospital level in order to develop a national annual retinal screening program for diabetic patients in Pakistan