Deubiquitylases in Tumors / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Dynamic ubiquitination in eukaryotes either enters proteins into the 26S proteasome degradation pathway or functions in signal transduction, and therefore regulates protein stability, localization and activity, thus participates in transcription, cell cycle, inflammation, tumor, immunity and other functions.Ubiquitination modification is a reversible process, which is regulated by ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and deubiquitylases (I)lJBs).DUBs mediate the deubiquitination of substrate proteins, regulate protein functions, and participate in various cellular processes.The protein abundance, localization and catalytic activity of deubiquitylases are strictly regulated.During the occurrence and development of tumors, many important tumor-related proteins are regulated by deubiquitylases, and dysfunction of deubiquitylases also affect DNA damage repair, apoptosis, autophagy, molecular signaling pathways and chromatin remodeling, which modulate the process of cell growth, invasion and metastasis in tumors.Therefore, DUB is an important protein family involved in tumorigenesis, and is potential drug targets.Many small molecule inhibitors have been used in the research of anti-tumor treatments.This article mainly summarizes the regulation mechanism of ubiquitin molecules, ubiquitin chain specificity, and deubiquitinating enzyme system in tumors, and provides basis for the design of clinical drug targets and diagnostic indicators.

Review of the regulations for clinical research in herbal medicines in USA / 中国结合医学杂志

In 2012, USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 39 new drugs, however, there are only two botanical drugs (one topical and one oral) approved by FDA since the publication of the FDA's industry guidelines for the botanical drug product in June 2004. The approval shows the Western guideline can be used for herbal medicines, authors investigate current regulation on herbal medicine clinical research, identify challenges conducting clinical trials, and seek to produce some guidance for potential investigators and sponsors considering a clinical trial in this area. Key words were formulated for searching on Medline and FDA website to locate relevant regulations for clinical research in herbal medicines to understand current environment for herbal medicine usage and examine the barriers affecting herbal medicine in clinical trials. Authors critically explore case study of the 1st FDA approved botanical drugs, Veregen (sinecatechins), green tea leaves extract, a topical cream for perianal and genital condyloma. In consideration of current regulation environment in USA, based on the findings and analysis through the literature review and Veregen case study, authors produce and propose a Checklist for New Drug Application of Herbal Medicines for potential investigators and sponsors considering in a herbal medicine clinical trial.