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Color is an important indicator for evaluating the ornamental traits of horticultural plants, and plant pigments is a key factor affecting the color phenotype of plants. Plant pigments and their metabolites play important roles in color formation of ornamental organs, regulation of plant growth and development, and response to adversity stress. It has therefore became a hot topic in the field of plant research. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a vital genomics tool that specifically reduces host endogenous gene expression utilizing plant homology-dependent defense mechanisms. In addition, VIGS enables characterization of gene function by rapidly inducing the gene-silencing phenotypes in plants. It provides an efficient and feasible alternative for verifying gene function in plant species lacking genetic transformation systems. This paper reviews the current status of the application of VIGS technology in the biosynthesis, degradation and regulatory mechanisms of plant pigments. Moreover, this review discusses the potential and future prospects of VIGS technology in exploring the regulatory mechanisms of plant pigments, with the aim to further our understandings of the metabolic processes and regulatory mechanisms of different plant pigments as well as improving plant color traits.
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Plant Viruses/genetics , Plants/genetics , Gene Silencing , Plant Development , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genetic VectorsABSTRACT
0bjective To study the use of a three dimensional(3D)visualization operative plan-ning system in Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation(US-PMWA)for large hepatic hemangio-mas(LHHs).Methods A total of 50 patients with LHHs from January 201 1 to August 2018 were included in Department of Interventional Ultrasound,the First Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital,inclu-ding 12 males and 38 females(age from 28.0～60,0,mean age was43.0).Fifty patients with LHHs were divided into the 3D and 2D groups(25 cases in each group).The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by con-trast-enhanced imagings on follow-up.Hepatic and renal functions were studied.The complete ablation,tumor volume shrinkage and complication rates were analyzed.Results The levels of alanine aminotrans-ferase,aspartate aminotransferase,alkaline phosphatase,and creatinine after ablation in the 3D group were significantly lower than the 2D group[(126.7±56.4)U/L VS,(204.7±76.5)U/L;(141.0±60.8)U/L vs.(206.6±77.4)U/L;(57.3±17.6)U/L vs.(86.2±46.1)U/L;(66.6±16.6)mmol/L VS.(86.8±42.8)mmol/L,P＜0.05,respectively].Compared with the 2D group,the ablation energy,abla-tion time and proportion of hemoglobinuria in the 3D group were all significantly less,while the complete ablation rate was significantly higher[(93.7±3.3)％VS.(97.7±2.4)％](all P＜0.05).Conclusion The 3D visualization operative planning system provided a scientific,quantifiable,and individualized therapy for LHHs using US-PMWA.
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Objective@#To study the use of a three dimensional (3D) visualization operative planning system in Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (US-PMWA) for large hepatic hemangiomas (LHHs).@*Methods@#A total of 50 patients with LHHs from January 2011 to August 2018 were included in Department of Interventional Ultrasound, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, including 12 males and 38 females (age from 28.0~60.0, mean age was 43.0). Fifty patients with LHHs were divided into the 3D and 2D groups (25 cases in each group). The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by contrast-enhanced imagings on follow-up. Hepatic and renal functions were studied. The complete ablation, tumor volume shrinkage and complication rates were analyzed.@*Results@#The levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine after ablation in the 3D group were significantly lower than the 2D group [(126.7±56.4)U/L vs. (204.7±76.5)U/L; (141.0±60.8)U/L vs. (206.6±77.4)U/L; (57.3±17.6)U/L vs. (86.2±46.1)U/L; (66.6±16.6)mmol/L vs. (86.8±42.8)mmol/L, P<0.05, respectively]. Compared with the 2D group, the ablation energy, ablation time and proportion of hemoglobinuria in the 3D group were all significantly less, while the complete ablation rate was significantly higher [(93.7±3.3)% vs. (97.7±2.4)%](all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The 3D visualization operative planning system provided a scientific, quantifiable, and individualized therapy for LHHs using US-PMWA.
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Objective To study the local efficacy of ultrasound-guided interstitial implantation of radioactive 125I seeds in the treatment of hepatic tumors at dangerous sites.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 39 patients who were admitted into the First Medical Center,PLA General Hospital from November 2011 to January 2018.There were 23 males and 16 females.A three-dimensional planning before 125I seed implantation was performed for all these patients using the treatment planning system (TPS).The implantation was performed under ultrasound guidance.Liver CT scan was performed in all the patients after implantation to evaluate the actual distribution of the seeds in the tumors.Follow-up was performed at 2,4,6,9 and 12 months after implantation,respectively,to evaluate using complete response (CR),partial response (PR),steady disease (SD),progressive disease (PD) and local control rates (LCR).Results Implantation was successfully performed in all the 39 patients.CT scan showed that 5 patients (12.8％)required additional implantation.Follow-up imaging after implantation showed local control of the lesions was good.The rates of CR,PR,SD and LCR were 2.6％ (1/39),28.2％ (11/39),66.7％ (26/39) and 97.4％ (38/39),respectively.One patient (2.6％,1/39) showed local progressive disease.The LCR reached 97.4％ (38/39) at 12 months of follow-up.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided radioactive 125I seed implantation was efficacious in the treatment of hepatic tumors at dangerous sites.
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ObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) treatment of renal carcinomas.MethodsFifteen patients with 17 renal tumors were retrospectively analyze. The patients’ ages were in the range of 46-80 years (65.2±9.4 years), the tumor diameters were in the range of 1.1-3.9 cm (2.3±0.7 cm) and biopsy pathological results were renal cell carcinoma. All of the tumors were inconspicuous on conventional ultrasound, while conspicuous on contrast enhanced-computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Seventeen tumors were ablated under the guidance of CEUS.ResultsAll tumors were successfully visualized on CEUS and MWA was performed under CEUS guidance. The durations of energy application for each tumor were in the range of 5-11 min (mean± SD 7.3±2.2 min). The mean session of CEUS-guided MWA for each tumor was 1.1±0.3. All patients were followed up for 3-49 months (median, 17 months) to observe the therapeutic effects and complications. There was no local tumor progress and major complication. ConclusionCEUS-guided PMWA is a safety, efficient and feasible therapy for patients with RCC which is inconspicuous on conventional US.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the value of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of renal solid renal lesions (RSLs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed 140 cases of 152 RSLs with a mean diameter 3.1∓1.9 cm. CEUS was performed and the perfusion characteristics were analyzed using contrast pulse sequences (CPS) technique. CEUS findings were compared with biopsy histopathologic findings.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 137 malignant lesions (including 127 renal clear cell carcinomas, 8 renal papillary carcinomas and 2 chromophobe cell carcinomas) and 15 benign lesions (13 angiomyolipomas and 2 renal oncocytomas) were detected. Of the 137 malignant lesions, 98 (71.5%) showed contrast agent fast perfusion and hyper-enhancement or iso-enhancement in cortical phase, 104 (75.9%) showed hypo-enhancement in later corticalmedullary and late phase, and 125 (91.2%) showed rim-like enhancement. Tumors with a diameter ≤2 cm presented with homogeneous enhancement, and those ranging from 2 to 4 cm showed heterogeneous enhancement with a honeycomb feature; tumors greater than 4 cm featured heterogeneous enhancement with large no-enhancement necrotic areas. Of the benign lesions, 13 angiomyolipomas and 2 renal oncocytomas showed slow wash-in and slow wash-out mode. The diagnostic specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value of CEUS for RSLs were 94.9%, 96.1%, and 73.7%, as compared to 72.3%, 71.1%, and 19.1% with conventional US, respectively (P<0.001). The sensitivity and negative predictive value of CEUS were 93.3% and 99.2%, respectively, significantly higher than those of conventional US (60% and 94.3%, P=0.084, and 0.062, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Real-time CEUS can provide valuable information for improving the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of RSLs.</p>
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Humans , Adenoma, Oxyphilic , Diagnostic Imaging , Carcinoma, Renal Cell , Diagnostic Imaging , Contrast Media , Diagnosis, Differential , Kidney Diseases , Diagnostic Imaging , Kidney Neoplasms , Diagnostic Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate low-mechanical-index contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in assessing the clinical efficacy and feasibility of percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods From March 2006 to July 2013, a total of 105 RCC patients with 109 lesions, mean size being (3.1 ± 1.3) cm, were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA. CEUS results obtained on the third day after MWA were compared with the contrast-enhanced CT/MRI and biopsy findings in the corresponding period. Follow-up examinations with CEUS and CT/MRI were carried out 1, 3 and 6 months after the treatment and once every 6 months thereafter to evaluate the short-term and the long-term therapeutic effectiveness. Results Three days after MWA, CEUS showed that 94 of 109 lesions (86.2%) were completely ablated, and residual tumor tissue was seen in 15 of 109 lesions (13.8%). Among the 15 lesions with residual tumor tissue, 13 (86.7%) were proved by contrast-enhanced CT/MRI and/or biopsy performed in the corresponding period. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CEUS for the evaluation of the short-term MWA effectiveness were 100%, 97.9%, 98.2%, 86.7% and 100%, respectively. Patients were followed up for 3 - 90 months with a median period of 24.6 months. During the follow - up period, CEUS detected recurrence in 7 patients, and 6 of them were consistent with CT/MRI results. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value of CEUS for the evaluation of the long-term MWA effectiveness were 85.7%, 99.0%, 98.2%, 85.7% and 99.0%, respectively. Conclusion For the evaluation of the effectiveness of percutaneous microwave ablation in treating renal cell carcinoma, CEUS is a sensitive, reliable and convenient technique.
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With the development of thermal ablation techniques,thermal ablation has been a curative method in the treatment of liver cancer.Preoperative treatment planning as the first step in the thermal ablation process,its core purpose is to lower the complications,ensure tumor-free safety margin after ablation and improve patients' long-term survival.Preoperative treatment planning determines directly the effect of thermal ablation therapy.Preoperative treatment planning is significant to improve the accuracy and sci entific of thermal ablation therapy.Therefore,preoperative treatment planning of thermal ablation for liver cancer has become one of the research focuses in the thermal ablation fields.This review focuses on the treatment planning studies of image-guided thermal ablation for liver cancer in recent years.
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Objective To compare the difference of implanted cooled-shaft with 915 MHz and 2450 MHz microwave in ablation area and the characteristics of temperature field in porcine livers in vivo. Methods Ablations were performed with 915 MHz and 2450 MHz, and were divided into two groups accordingly. The microwave antenna was inserted into porcine liver in vivo and the thermal needles were placed in parallel 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, away from the antenna slit. The temperature data were collected with computer when the microwave ablation was started with the same energy of 60 W 600 s. After ablations, sizes of the ablation zones and the temperature curves were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with 2540 MHz microwave, 915 MHz microwave had larger coagulation length and width, faster temperature ascending rate and higher temperature in corresponding points. Conclusion In porcine livers in vivo, compared with 2450 MHz microwave, larger coagulation zone and faster temperature ascending rate can be obtained with 915 MHz microwave.