[ effect of pulsed electromagnetic therapy on femoral bone micro-structure in ovariectomized rats]

Background and Aim: Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that can result from cytokines activity such as TNF alpha. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsed electromagnet therapy on femoral strength and bone microstructure in ovariectomized rats

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 rats were randomly divided into control, experimental1 [ovariectomized] and two experimental groups; namely ovariectomized and undergoing pulsed electromagnet groups. The control and experimental 1 groups were kept under controlled conditions, while the two experimental groups were treated with pulsed electromagnet [2.4 mT] from 12 postoperative weeks for 30 min, 3 days a week, for 10 weeks. Then, the subjects were sacrificed and their femoral bones were removed to determine the strength and the bone microstructure parameters [the trabecular and cortical thicknesses and trabecular distances]. In order to determine bone microstructures, the sections were prepared and stained with H and E. Then, Haworth method was used to measure. One-way ANOVA, repeated measurements, and Scheffe post- hoc tests were applied to analyze the obtained data. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software [version 16; Chicago, IL]

Results: Despite equal initial weight of the subjects [P=0.15], they significantly gained weight after12 and also 22 postoperative weeks [P<0.001]. Cortical and trabecular thicknesses, and femoral strength respectively and significantly decreased in the experimental group 1 .X=220.80+/-5.90, P<0.001; X=90.34+/-5.73,P=0.001; X=5.15+/-1.07,P=0.002. In the experiment. group 2, decrease was .X=255.40+/-6.02,P<0.001; X=113.50+/-3.43, P=0.008; X=8.00+/-1.11,P=0.015; respectively, comparing with the control group [X=232.36+/-5.13, X=100.50+/-5.06, X=6.95+/-1.16]. Cortical and trabecular thicknesses, and bone strength significantly increased in the experimental group 2, compared to the experimental group 1[P<0.001]. There was also a significant decrease in the trabecular distance in the experimental group 2 [X=111.60+/-2.87] compared to the experimental 1 [X=127.40+/-4.74, P<0.001]

Conclusion: Pulsed electromagnet, can be effective on the osteoporosis improvement

effect of ambient temperature and exercise to the level of exhaustion on heat shock protein and C-reactive protein plasma levels on male athletes

The increase in the amount of heat shock protein and C-reactive protein occurring as a result of stress was done with the aims of returning cell homeostasis, successful restoration of cell injury and protection of cell against more injuries. Fifteen climber and 15 non athlete subjects were chosen. A selected aerobic test was done by the subjects using Monark bicycle under two different conditions. Before starting the test, the subjects were exposed to a normal condition with the temperature of 24 +/- 2[degree]C for an hour and a blood sample was taken from all the subjects. Then immediately, the subjects took the selected aerobic test to the level of exhaustion and blood sample was taken again. A week later, these subjects were exposed to a heated environment with the temperature of 38 +/- 2[degree]C, followed by blood sample taking. Finally, the test was done by the subjects to the level of exhaustion and the last blood sample was taken. Then, the amount of heat shock protein [HSP] and C - reactive protein [CRP] in blood samples was measured. A meaningful difference was observed in the changes of heat shock proteins [p=0.012] and C-reactive protein [p=0.02] between athlete and non athlete subjects. There was no meaningful difference in CRP and HSP in normal and hot condition for non athlete subjects before and after the test. But the result of the study demonstrates that There was a meaningful difference for athletes in both conditions before and after the test [p=0.002]. Based on the study, it is claimed that while an athlete is exposed to several stressful conditions [e.g. high temperature and physical exercise], compared to a non athlete, the reaction of his body cells is more significant in order to prevent the injury

[Effect of aerobic exercise on plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide, blood pressure and heart rate of elderly healthy persons and coronary artery patients]

Vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP] plays an important role in modulating coronary blood flow and heart rate. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of low intensity aerobic exercise on plasma levels of VIP hormone, blood pressure and heart rate in healthy elderly men and women, and patients with coronary artery disease [CAD]. In this study, 15 healthy women and 15 healthy men and 15 female and 15 male with CAD disease were randomly chosen as the experimental and control groups. Subjects did aerobic exercises tree days/week, for eight weeks, with the heart rate of 100 +/- 10 beats per minute. Blood samples were taken from each subject in three stages, [before, immediately after and 24 hours after the 8 weeks of exercising]. The results showed that there was a significant difference among plasma VIP levels in the four groups. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the systolic blood pressure in the four groups [P=0.01] and the systolic blood pressure in male patients and healthy women [P=0.03] while there was no meaningful difference the systolic blood pressure in the two other groups. There was also a significant difference in the heart rate of the three rounds of sampling in the three of groups [P=0.002] but no significant difference was observed in healthy men. According to the above results, it seems that the duration and intensity of each workout should be considered to reach the VIP stimulation threshold. It may bring about considerable changes in VIP levels.

[ effect of eight week interval acute training on plasma visfatin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in rats: a brief report]

Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipose tissue that affect whole-body energy metabolism. Exercise training exerts beneficial effects on adipose tissue. However, less is known regarding visfatin's, IL-6 and TNF-alpha response to an interval acute training. Therefore, we investigated the effects of acute interval exercise on plasma visfatin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels, in healthy female rats. Furthermore, correlate between changes probably these factors were also assessed. This study was conducted experimentally. Forty five female sprague dawley rat were randomly divided into three groups: pre test [n = 15], treadmill exercise [n = 15] and sedentary controls [n = 15]. The acute alternative exercise consisted of treadmill running: 3 session/ week for 8 week. The changes of plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha and Visfatin levels were measured by ELISA analysis. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with measures [ANOVA] and post hoc Tukey test. Acute interval treadmill exercise led to significant decreases in visfatin [P = 0/036], IL-6 [P = 0/009] and TNF-alpha [P = 0/022] plasma levels between the groups. Also, this study no significant correlations between the changes in adipokines were observed. Decreased levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 correlated with intensity and duration exercise. Furthermore, probably there were some factors except weight decreasing that affects on visfatin decrease. Therefore, the reduction of this factor may cause in preventing metabolic disease

Alteration of plasma brain natriuretic peptide level after acute moderate exercise in professional athletes

Cardiac fatigue or myocardial damage following exercise until complete exhaustion can increase blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide [BNP] in athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance and acute moderate aerobic exercise on alterations in BNP levels in professional athletes. Forty professional athletes who had at least 3 years of a cham-pionship background in track and field [aerobic group] or body building [resistance group] volunteered to participate in the present study. Track and field athletes [n = 20] were requested to run 8 km at 60% to 70% of maximum heart rate. Body building athletes [n = 20] performed a resistance training session of 5 exercises in 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1RM [bench press, seated row, leg extension, leg curl, and leg press]. Before and immediately after the exercise, plasma BNP levels of both groups of athletes were measured by PATHFASTTM NT-proBNP assay, an immunochemiluminescent assay using two polyclonal antibodies in sandwich test format, on a PATHFASTTM automated analyzer. Plasma BNP levels immediately following exercise increased significantly as compared with baseline values. Plasma BNP concentrations in the aerobic group were significantly higher than in the resistance group before and after exercise. Moreover, the increase in mean BNP concentrations in aerobic athletes was 7 times more than in resistance athletes. BNP levels in athlete who performed distance exercises increased significantly compared with resistance training. Possibly exercise program type, intensity of exercise, volume of exercise program, and field sport can be factors of changes in BNP levels