Sonographic measurement of normal renal size and correlation with somatic variables in subset of Karachi pediatric population

Background: Multiple renal pathogenesis manifested as unilateral or bilateral size changes, therefore there should be normative reference data for proper comparison. Our goal is to determine normal standard value ranges for renal dimensions in pediatric population in Karachi. Sonographically renal length in 150 children were measured and correlate with age, gender, body height, weight and BMI

Objective: Sonographic Measurement of Normal Renal Size and Correlation with Somatic Variables in Subset of Karachi Pediatric Population

Methods: A six month cross sectional hospital based assessment of kidney size [length, width] was evaluated with the help of sonography. XarioTM 200 Toshiba with convex 3.5 frequency transducer will be used. The mean renal dimensions with standard deviation [SD] were estimated for every group of age. The renal length and width were determined and corresponded with different somatic variables. Descriptive statistics with Regression analysis was done

Results: The normal length and the width of kidneys and its ranges were obtained. Right kidney length moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.651, r=0.654] and age [r=0.538] respectively. However, moderately insignificant with BMI [0.129]. Lefts kidney moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.665 r=0.705], negative insignificant with age [0.564] and moderately weak insignificant relationship with BMI [0.174]

Conclusion: The research presents the normal range parameters of renal size and measurements by sonography in healthy pediatric population in Karachi. Guideline measurements of kidneys represent a statistically important and comprehensive interaction with specifications of growth which allows us to easily calculate the renal size by derived regression analysis

Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: a problem solving tool

Approximately one in every nine Pakistani women is likely to suffer from breast cancer. This is one of the highest incidence rates in Asia. Mammography and ultrasound are the basic imaging techniques for the detection and localization of breast tumors. Breast magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] has become increasingly important in the detection and delineation of breast cancer in daily practice. The utility of diagnostic value of MRI is mainly on specific situations such as detecting multifocal, multicentric or contralateral disease unrecognized on conventional imaging, assessing for the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, detection of cancer in dense breast tissue, recognition of an occult primary breast cancer. The standard breast MRI protocol includes T2 sequences [anatomy and signal analysis], T1 gradient-echo sequences which can detect markers placed after biopsy, and injected dynamic 3D sequences for performing volume and multiplanar reconstructions, which are particularly useful for locating lesions. Good patient positioning is essential. These aspects limit movement artefacts which alter subtraction sequences; it must be compared with the native sequences. New functional imaging sequences are now appearing in an attempt to increase the specificity of MRI, which is one of its main limitations. Of these, magnetic resonance spectroscopy appears to be the most promising

young girl with brachymesophalangia V

Brachymesophalangia is the most common hereditary anomaly of the middle phalanges. Brachymesophalangia-V [BMP-V] is the terminology used for a short and broad middle phalanx of the fifth digit which can present both alone and in a large number of complex brachydactylies with congenital disorders. Its frequency varied in different populations between 3.4% and 21%. To our knowledge no case of BMP-V has been reported from our country. We incidentally found a case of BMP-V who presented to us with the history of trauma which is presented in this case report. Literature search showed that this condition is caused by heterozygous mutations in the Indian hedgehog [IHH] gene

Correlation of thyroid gland volume with age and gender in a subset of Karachi population

Background: Thyroid gland volume [TGV] is highly variable as it is greatly influenced by age, gender, anthropometric measurements and geographical location. It has become essential for every population to determine reference range of their normal thyroid gland volume [TGV] in healthy individuals. This in turn will help the population in grading of goiter and will guide in large scale iodine monitoring programs

Objective: To determine TGV in a subset of Karachi population and to determine its association with age and gender

Methods: A cross-sectional study employing 421 volunteers aged 21 years and above went through the ultrasound [US] examination of their thyroid gland [TG] after being confirmed euthyroid by their serum thyroid stimulating hormones [TSH] evaluation

Results: TGV in the study was found to be 6.26 +/- 2.89 ml. Males had significantly higher TGV 6.78 +/- 2.88 ml as compared to females 5.7 +/- 2.79 ml [P=0.00]. Volume of right lobe was significantly greater than that of left lobe [P=0.00] in both the genders. TGV increased significantly with age till 60 years [P<0.05] and after the age of 60 years it decreased [P=0.035]

Conclusion: Mean volume of thyroid gland in this studied population is not only smaller than that of the Western countries but is also much smaller than the neighboring country Iran. The study has also proved that there was a significant decrease in mean thyroid gland volume after the age of 60 years. Prolonged and severe iodine deficient status of Pakistan till recent past could be an answer for small thyroid gland volume in the studied population. Similar studies in future will give more accurate facts and figures regarding mean thyroid gland volume in this population if Pakistan retains itself as an iodine sufficient State

Normative data of hepato-splenic sizes in pakistani pediatric population using ultrasonography

Background: Hepatosplenic sizes of children vary with age .There are many diseases which affect the sizes of the liver and spleen ranging from acute liver disease to other hepatosplenic disorders . Ultrasound is a quick and reliable method .Unfortunately there is lack of sufficient data in our population therefore my study would be beneficial in determining various disease processes

Objective: To establish normative data of Hepato-Splenic sizes in Pakistani pediatric population using ultrasonography

Methods: The study was conducted at the Ziauddin University Hospital, a tertiary care teaching facility in Karachi. The cross sectional prospective hospital based study was conducted with 150 patients aged 1 month to 14 years. Ultrasonographic evaluation for the assessment of liver, spleen and portal vein size was performed. These were correlated with the age, sex, height/length and weight of the children

Results: Normal liver and spleen length and its ranges with portal vein diameter were obtained. The liver, spleen length and portal vein significantly correlated highly with the height/length [r=0.7,0.7,0.6]respectively and weight of the subjects [r=0.7,0.7,0.4 respectively]

Conclusion: The study provides the normal values of liver and spleen size by ultrasonography in healthy Pakistani pediatric population