Exclusive breastfeeding practices in working j women of Pakistan: a cross sectional study

Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding in working women and to identify thej factors effecting exclusive breast feeding in working women

Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Faisalabad city within a period of six months from! June 2016 to December 2016. Working women of age 18 to 45 years, working as doctors, teachers, nurses! and bankers in public [government] setup were included. The data was collected using interview method? by pre-structured questionnaire. Multi-variable logistic regression model was developed considering EBF practice as dependent and the significant independent variables. Results were reported as Crude Odds! Ratio [COR] or Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] with 95% Confidence Intervals [CIs]

Results: Prevalence of exclusive breast feeding [EBF] was 166 [41.5%]. EFB practice was significantly less in doctors and bankers as compared to nurses and teachers [p-value <0.001 ]. Women working as nurses and j teachers, having one or two children and short working hours had higher prevalence of exclusive breast j feeding. Women having prior knowledge about EBF; training of EBF and women who had previously heard j about EBF had five time higher rate of breast feeding. Women having knowledge of colostrum had three j times higher EBF practice [odds ratio: 3.02 [1 .86-4.91 ]]. Women having knowledge about hazards of bottle ! feeding had 12.7 times higher prevalence of EBF [odds ratio: 12.72 [5. 70-28. 38]]. Those who knew about expression of breast milk had three times higher prevalence of EBF [odds ratio: 3.0 [1.98-4.55]]. Mothers working in organizations that support EBF had 4.1 times higher prevalence of EBF [odds ratio: 4.1 [2.67-6.21 ]]. And proper training of mothers about correct expression technique of breast milk had 12 time [odds ratio: 11.06 [4.97-19.13]] Mgher prevalence of EBF

Conclusion; Lon% working hours, baakm% profession, facxvily icicome ajid tack of proper exclusive breast feeding are responsible for non-EBF practice ia working wocxxea. Proper Kcxowledie and awareness about exclusive breastfeediaeaad provision of facilities for exclusive breastfeeding

Services and practices of health care providers in a rural area of Faisalabad

[1] To determine the mode of services being rendered and practices done by the health care providers of the study area. [2] To identify various socio-demographic factors about the health care providers. A health care provider provides preventive, curative, rehabilitative and spiritual health services to the community. Health care is being provided by not only the registered and qualified doctors, but also by non-qualified non-registered and inexperienced persons in Pakistan. A total of 57 health care providers from the union council 42 area in district Faisalabad were included. A pre-tested questionnaire to know about the services and practices of the individuals was served upon them to collect the relevant data. Cross-sectional study. Union council 42 area in district Faisalabad. 2008. Out of 57, 30 [52.63%] were males and 27 [47.37%] were females. Most of them, 18 [31.6%] were above 49 years of age. 51 [89.47%] were practicing in the private; whereas, only 2[3.51%] in the public sector. Most of the individuals, 21 [36.8%] were LHW and only 2[3.5%] were doctors or medical assistants; 3[5.3%] were dispensers, 9[15.8%] were hakeems and 7 [12.3%] homeopaths. Most of them, 40[70.2%] were matriculates and 14[24.6%] graduates. Only 20 [35.1%] were having certificates and 11[19.3%] were diploma holders. Further, only 2[11.76%] out of 57 were registered with PM and DC and Punjab Medical Faculty. 30 [52.6%] individuals were rendering curative and only 5 [8.8%] preventive services. None of the health care providers was rendering laboratory, x-ray or ultrasound services. Most of the individuals, 36 [63.2%] were practicing allopathy and 7[12.3%] homeopathy way of treatment. Further, most of the professionals, 45 [78.95%] were not doing any surgery. As regards sterilization, the most 8[66.7%] were practicing boiling of instruments. Most of them 47 [82.45%] were giving injections to the patients, however, using disposable syringes, and 27[57.4%] were disposing of the syringes by cutting the needles to dump. 20 [42.55%] were referring their patients to DHQ Hospital and 47 [82.46%] were keeping the record. Qualified medical professionals were scarce in the locality. However, allopathic system of medicine was being widely practiced. Only LHWs were providing curative services with proper training to deliver first aid services

Pattern of injuries in police torture victims at Faisalabad

To examine the different type of injuries after police torture. Torture study. Office of District Standing Medical Board, in DHQ Hospital Faisalabad. From 1.1.2009 to 31.12.2009. A study of 300 victims of alleged police torture examined by the District Standing Medical Board [DSMB] Faisalabad. Most of the victims at the time of examination were showing visible evidence of Physical trauma. Victims were males. Examination was conducted on the directions of judicial magistrates and District and Session Judge Faisalabad. A wide range of different types of injuries was observed on various parts of the body. Blunt trauma was most frequent. Psychological element of torture was also seen in some victims

Mandibular canine index [MCI]; its role in determining gender

Dental evidence is valuable in identification of individuals, especially following mass disasters; estimation of age at death of skeletonised remains and establishing guilt in cases of criminal injury by biting. Mandibular canines are found to exhibit the greatest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth. To investigate the accuracy with which gender can be differentiated by using the mandibular canine index in the Punjabi - Pakistani population. Independent Medical College and Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Dec. 2008 to Dec. 2009. The present study was performed on 200 students, between the age group of 18-25 years, randomly sampled with informed consent [Through 3rd party]. Mandibular canine width and intercanine distance were measured with the help of Vernier caliper after observing aseptic conditions. MandibuIar canine index was calculated and the observed MCI was compared with the standard MCI value. The data was then analyzed using student's "t" test. No significant statistical difference was noted between the right and left mandibular canines amongst males and females [same sex] but when comparing between males and females, there was highly statistical significant difference [P < 0.001]. The calculated standard MCI for canines of males and females found to be 0.2504. With these calculations we could predict sex correctly at 75.97% in this study [Male: 71.67% and Female: 78.72%]. MCI is a quick and reliable method for sexual identification when a standard for the population is available. With these calculations, we could predict the sex correctly at 75.97% in this study. This method can be used as adjunct to other available tools for sex determination. DNA studies can reveal sex accurately. Availability of comprehensive database with "NADRA" can also be used as adjunct to "MCI" to enhance the accuracy in determination of sex and identity of the person in Pakistan