ABSTRACT
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is implicated in a wide range of pathological situations including cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25[OH]D] and risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 169 adults [88 males, 81 females] aged 19-52 years living in Shiraz, Iran. Anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure were measured using standard methods. Blood samples were collected in fasting state for determination of blood glucose, lipids, and 25[OH]D. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and linear regression using SPSS software
Results: Serum 25[OH]D concentrations were considerably higher in males. One third of females had vitamin D deficiency [25[OH]D <10 ng/ml] while one third of males exhibited 25[OH]D levels >50 ng/ml. In males, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome score increased and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol decreased across tertiles of serum 25[OH]D. On the contrary, in females body mass index [BMI] and metabolic syndrome score decreased and HDL cholesterol increased across tertiles of 25[OH]D. Linear regression, after controlling for confounding factors, showed that diastolic blood pressure [B=0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.11; P=0.006], triglycerides [B=0.54; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.85; P=0.001], and metabolic syndrome score [B=0.01; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.01; P=0.02] positively and HDL cholesterol [B=-0.05; 95% CI: -0.09, -0.01; P=0.02] inversely associated with tertiles of 25[OH] D concentrations in males. In contrast, BMI [B=-0.06; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.02; P=0.01], waist circumference [B= -0.12; 95% CI:- 0.23, -0.01; p=0.04], and metabolic syndrome score [B=-0.02; 95% CI:-0.03, -0.01; P=0.01] were inversely and HDL-C [B=0.16; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.31; P=0.02] positively associated with 25[OH] D tertiles in females
Conclusion: The results suggest that both low and upper normal levels of 25[OH]D are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome
ABSTRACT
Background: Dietary pattern is an effective way of studying the effect of diet on diseases. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and blood pressure [BP] in adults aged 20-50 years
Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 418 individuals were selected through stratified multistage random sampling from households living in different regions of Shiraz. Information on demographic characteristics, anthropometric features, dietary intakes, and systolic [SBP] and diastolic [DBP] blood pressure was gathered. Dietary patterns were determined using a validated food frequency questionnaire
Results: Three dietary patterns were specified: vegetable [high in vegetables and legumes], Western-like [high in meat, sugar sweetened beverages, salty and sweet snacks, refined grains, high-fat dairy], and Mediterranean-like [rich in low-fat dairy, fruit, vegetables, nuts, olive, fish, and low in hydrogenated fats]. After adjustment for confounders, Mediterranean-like dietary pattern had an inverse association with SBP [beta =-0.24; 95% CI: -5.25, -1.27] and DBP [beta =-0.17; 95% CI: -3.65, -0.20] in males but not females. Vegetable and Western-like dietary patterns were not associated with BP in either sex after adjusting for confounders. Positive relationships were observed between BP and body mass index [r=0.28 and 0.33 for SBP and DBP, P<0.001], waist circumference [r=0.51 and 0.45 for SBP and DBP, P<0.001], and waist-to-hip ratio [r=0.54 and 0.44 for SBP and DBP, P<0.001]. Dietary energy and carbohydrates were positively and fats inversely associated with BP. Among micronutrients, vitamin E had a significant inverse association with BP
Conclusion: Mediterranean-like dietary pattern may lower the risk of hypertension in Shiraz males