ABSTRACT
The current study focused on the pharmacological activities of Justicia adhatoda; including antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, haemagglutination, insecticidal, in vitro antiglycation, DPPH antioxidant and antitermite. The crude methanolic extract [Crd. Met. Ext] showed 46.4 % antibacterial activity against M. morganii while the n-hexane fraction showed good [71.4%] and moderate [55.1%] activity against M. morganii and A. baumannii respectively. The EtOAc and aqueous fractions, in most of the cases, showed low to no activity against the selected bacterial pathogens, against A. niger, T. harzianum, A. parasiticus and V. dahliae. The Crd. Met. Ext and fractions showed low activity, against P. notatum and P. digitatum, Crd. Met. Ext. and all fractions were inactive. The percent growth regulation, in case of phytotoxic activity, by Crd. Met. Ext was 25 and 16.6, n-hexane fraction 16.6, 16.6 and 0, CHCl3 25, 8.33 and 0 % and EtOAc fractions 8.33, 8.33 and 0% at 1000 and 100 and 10microg/ml respectively. The aqueous fraction was inactive at all the test concentrations. The results of brine shrimp cytotoxic activity for Crd. Met. Ext was 13.33% and n-hexane fraction 20% at 1000, microg/ml respectively. All of the other fractions showed low to no activity at different test concentrations. All of the test samples were inactive against RBC's of the blood groups at all concentration indicating that the selected plant lack phytolectins and haemagglutination activity. The Crd. Met. Ext and various fraction showed low activity against the test insects i.e. C. pulicaria, C. chinensis and T. castaneum. The absorbance value of plant extract for anti-glycation activity at various concentration were: 0.08, 0.067, 0.053 and 0.04 in comparison with Aminoguanidine0.04, 0.035, 0.03 and 0.02 respectively at 10, 50, 90 and 130microl. The DPPH radical scavenging activities were proportional to the concentration of the fractions, as the concentration of these increased, the percent scavenging activity also increased. The CHCl3 and EtOAc fractions killed all the termites in 24 hours while Crd. Met. Ext, n-hexane and aqueous fractions took 2-3 days
ABSTRACT
Background: Tennis elbow is a common condition causing discomfort and pain on the lateral aspect of the elbow especially during gripping activities
Objective: To compare the treatment with injection Platelets Rich Plasma and injection corticosteroid for tennis elbow in terms of symptoms relief. Methodology: This randomized controlled study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics and Spine Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from 27th July 2016 to 26th July 2017. A total of 52 cases of tennis elbow were selected in OPD and randomly allocated in two groups to receive corticosteroids [Group A] and Platelets Rich Plasma [PRP] [Group B] and followed up to determine the effectiveness of either intervention. All information was recorded on a proforma. Pain intensity was recorded using VAS after three weeks postoperatively. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16 version
Results: A total of 52 patients with tennis elbow were selected and divided in two equal groups. There were 11 male and 15 females in steroid [group A] and 12 male and 14 female patients in PRP [group B]. In group A, the mean baseline VAS was 6.5 +/- 1.2 and in group B it was 6.7 +/- 1.4 but the difference was statistically not significant with a p-value of 0.71. All patients were subjected to standard therapy as per their allocated groups and were again assessed on 3 weeks follow up. On follow up, the mean pain scores using Visual Analogue Scale in group A was 4.19 +/- 2.6 and in group B was 3.42 +/- 2.61. We observed that of the overall sample of 52, the improvement was observed in 71 % of patients. Group A showed effectiveness in 54 % of patients and group B showed effectiveness in 88 % of patients. This difference was statistically significant having a p value of 0.001
Conclusion: Platelets Rich Plasma [PRP] is an effective alternative to corticosteroid in the treatment of tennis elbow
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The promoter methylation status of cell cycle regulatory genes plays a crucial role in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. CpG cytosines are actively subjected to methylation during tumorigenesis, resulting in gain/loss of function. E2F5 gene has growth repressive activities; various studies suggest its involvement in tumorigenesis. This study aims to investigate the epigenetic regulation of E2F5 in breast cancer to better understand tumor biology. METHODS: The promoter methylation status of 50 breast tumor tissues and adjacent normal control tissues was analyzed. mRNA expression was determined using SYBR® green quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and methylation-specific PCR was performed for bisulfite-modified genomic DNA using E2F5-specific primers to assess promoter methylation. Data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Significant (p<0.001) upregulation was observed in E2F5 expression among tumor tissues, relative to the control group. These samples were hypo-methylated at the E2F5 promoter region in the tumor tissues, compared to the control. Change in the methylation status (Δmeth) was significantly lower (p=0.022) in the tumor samples, indicating possible involvement in tumorigenesis. Patients at the postmenopausal stage showed higher methylation (75%) than those at the premenopausal stage (23.1%). Interestingly, methylation levels gradually increased from the early to the advanced stages of the disease (p<0.001), which suggests a putative role of E2F5 methylation in disease progression that can significantly modulate tumor biology at more advanced stage and at postmenopausal age (Pearson's r=0.99 and 0.86, respectively). Among tissues with different histological status, methylation frequency was higher in invasive lobular carcinoma (80.0%), followed by invasive ductal carcinoma (46.7%) and ductal carcinoma in situ (20.0%). CONCLUSION: Methylation is an important epigenetic factor that might be involved in the upregulation of E2F5 gene in tumor tissues, which can be used as a prognostic marker for breast cancer.