ABSTRACT
Statement of the Problem: It is postulated that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] with or without medication has an inhibitory effect on the chil-dren's growth and development
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the dental age and cervical vertebral matura-tion [CVM] stage in ADHD patients with or without medication
Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated the pretreatment panoramic and lateral cephalograms of 129 patients [70 males, 59 females aged 8-14 years]. Demirjian index and Baccetti's CVM index were used to determine the dental age and CVM stage, respectively. The subjects were evaluated in two groups of ADHD [case, n=59] and healthy individuals [control, n=70]. The ADHD pa-tients were divided into two groups of AWT [ADHD with Treatment, n=43] and AW [ADHD without treatment, n=16] based on the use of methylphenidate. Paired t-test was used to compare the mean dental age between the groups. Linear and ordered logistic regression models were used to detect differences between the groups. The association between dental and chronological age was assessed by using Pearson correlation coefficient [p< 0.05]
Results: After age and sex adjustment, the skeletal maturity stage was found to be similar to the control group based on the presence of the disorder or use of medica-tion [p= 0.711 and p= 0.436, respectively]. Similarly, the patients' dental age was similar to the controls in AW and AWT groups [p= 0.180 and p= 0.421, respective-ly]. The correlation between dental age and chronological age was 0.79 in AWT, 0.88 in AW, and 0.88 in control group [p< 0.001 for all the three]
Conclusion: After age and sex adjustment, the dental and skeletal age of ADHD patients with or without Methylphenidate treatment do no manifest a significant delay compared with the controls
ABSTRACT
Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether intra-canal application of controlled direct electric current [DEC] could accelerate the amount of orthodontic tooth movement [OTM] in young adult mixed breed dogs
Methods: fourth premolars of both jaws of five young adult mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups. Orthodontic force was applied to both groups using an active NiTi push coil spring. Direct electric stimulation [15µA DC] was conducted by intra-canal usage of electric potential [1.5v]. The experimental teeth were compared with controls in terms of clinical OTM results measured with an electronic caliper every two weeks [four time intervals]. The animals were sacrificed one month [T2] or two months [T4] after initiation; and tissue sections were decalcified for histological evaluation. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16, Shapiro-Wilk test and paired t-test
Results: measurements revealed a statistically significant increase in OTM at electrically stimulated sites compared to the control sites in just one time interval [T3: after four weeks] [P< 0.05]. Histological sections also showed increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity at tension and compression sides of the experimental group compared to the control group, respectively at both time intervals [T2 and T4]
Conclusion: direct intra-canal electric current applied by a miniature electric device is effective for increasing the rate and amount of OTM in canine experimental model
ABSTRACT
Statement of the Problem: The present constituents of gingival crevicular fluid [GCF] can reflect the changes occurring in underlying tissues. Considering variety of biologic bone markers, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase have been examined as bone turn over markers in orthodontic tooth movement
Purpose: The current study designed in a longitudinal pattern to determine the changes of acid and alkaline phosphatase [ACP and ALP] in GCF during orthodontic tooth movement
Materials and Method: An upper canines from twelve patients [mean age: 14+/-2 years] undergoing extraction orthodontic treatment for distal movement served as the test tooth [DC], and its contralateral [CC] and antagonist [AC] canines were used as controls. The CC was included in orthodontic appliance without orthodontic force; the AC was free from any orthodontic appliance. The GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance placement [T0], and 14 [T2] and 28 days [T3] after it and ALP and ACP concentration were determined spectrophotometrically
Results: ALP concentration was elevated significantly in DC and CC groups at days 14 and 28 compared with the AC. In DC group, the ALP was significantly greater in mesial sites than distal site, while no significant changes were found between both sites of CC. The peak level of ALP was observed in mesial sites of DC at T2. Regarding ACP, significant elevation of this enzyme was seen in DC group both in mesial and distal sites at T2 and T3. The peak level of this enzyme was seen at T2
Conclusion: Monitoring simultaneous changes of ALP and ACP levels in GCF can reflect the tissue responses occur in periodontium during bone formation and bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement, respectively
ABSTRACT
Failure of teeth to erupt from gingival tissues at usual developmental time is called delayed tooth eruption [DTE]. Delayed tooth eruption lead to prolonged fixed orthodontic treatment and its eventual complications. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of laser-assisted [808 nm] surgical uncovering, on the tooth emergence and orthodontic treatment of DTE. A total of 16 orthodontic patients were included in this study and were equally assigned to an experimental and a control group. Subjects for experiment consisted of eight patients [6 girls and 2 boys] with a mean age of 14 +/- 0.9 years. All patients exhibited delayed second premolar eruption. The laser wavelength was 810 nm and it was set in a continuous wave mode at a power output of 1.6 watt with a 0.3-mm diameter fiber tip. When the target tissue was sufficiently anesthetized, the tip was directed at an angle of 10 to 20 degrees to the tissue [light contact mode]; and was applied continuously for approximately 12 Seconds until an acceptable tooth exposure area was visible. The facial axis of the clinical crown [FACC] line represents the most prominent portion of the facial central lobe for premolars. All orthodontic brackets are aligned along this reference and are located on FA [Facial Axis] point. The standard for adequate tooth eruption was the accessibility of facial axis of the clinical crown [FACC] for bonding the brackets. Data gathered from the patients were statistically surveyed and compared by means of Tukey's Test and Analysis of Variance [ANOVA]. All patients showed good gingival status, no significant bleeding during or immediately after the surgery, and acceptable level of healing after laser surgery. The biologic width of the teeth was preserved and no violation of this important periodontal parameter was observed. The average time for accessing the FA point in experimental group was 11 +/- 1.1 weeks and the mentioned period was increased to 25 +/- 1.8 weeks in control group. The data analysis showed that in patients with DTE, laser intervention significantly accelerated tooth eruption [P < 0.05]. Laser-assisted surgical removal of the fibrous tissue over erupting premolars [DTE] with appropriate irradiation parameters appears to be a promising adjunct to orthodontic treatment for bringing the premolar to the aligned and leveled dental arch
ABSTRACT
Corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics provides a means for rapidly moving teeth purportedly with little damaging effects to the periodontium and with greatly reduced treatment time. The aim of this study was to enhance the orthodontic tooth movement by reducing the cortical bone layer [resistant to bone re-sorption relative to spongious bone] following Erbium, Chromium doped Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet [Er-Cr: YSGG] laser irradiation, without reflection of surgical soft tissue flap. In the present experimental study, 8 New Zealand Male rabbits were the samples for the research. The right first premolar of each rabbit [experiment group] underwent treatment for mesial movement with 75 gram of orthodontic force by using closed Ni-Ti coil spring [Dentaurum [R]]. Coil spring was fixed in the cervical region of first premolars by means of ligature wire and No-Mix composite [Dentaurum[R]] and also activated to the cervical site of incisors. The left first premolars of the subjects were considered as the control group. Laser corticotomy was performed in anesthetized rabbits. Samples were sacrificed for determination of tooth movement after initiating premolar protraction on the 21[th] day. The amount of orthodontic tooth movement was assessed by using a metal feeler gauge with the precision of 0.01 mm, between mesial surface of the second premolars and distal surfaces of the first premolars. The statistical package of SPSS [Kolmogorov - Smirnov and ANOVA test] was used for analytical evaluation of the measurements. The amount of orthodontic tooth movement in the experimental group [mean=1.653 +/- 0.34 mm] was significantly [p<0.001] greater than that of the control group [mean=0.936 +/- 0.28 mm]. The innovated laser assisted corticotomies enhanced the rate of orthodontic tooth movement on the intervention side, significantly [p<0.001]. The innovated method of laser assisted flapless corticotomy is a useful procedure for reducing treatment time and damage to periodontium. It also eliminates the necessity of more invasive intervention of flap surgery