Vulnerability to emotional problems in old parents of the children living abroad

In the present study an attempt was made to find out the vulnerability for emotional problems in old parents of children who have been living abroad since three years or more. In order to study the emotional problems IPAT Depression and IPAT Anxiety scales were administered to 100 old parents of children living abroad and 100 old parents living with their children in Pakistan. Two hundred participants were divided into two categories, 50 male and 50 female old parents of children living abroad and 50 male and 50 female old parents living with their children in Pakistan, out of which 25 single male parents, 25 single female parents and 50 both male and female parents were selected for both groups. That is the old parents living alone in Pakistan whose children are living abroad and both old parents living with their children in Pakistan. Old age is defined as the people who are 60 years of age and above. For the statistical analysis the chi-square test was used. All the three hypotheses were significant at p<.05 and p<.001 level. Results obtained indicate the significant difference between the two groups. The old parents of the children living abroad were found to be more depressed and more anxious than the old parents living with their children in Pakistan

Early segregated education and vulnerability to emotional problems in adult male

The present research was conducted on the "Early Segregated Education and Vulnerability to Emotional Problems In Adulthood". The purpose of the research was to investigate the emotional problems i.e., anxiety and depression prevalent in the Pakistani youth with an early segregated education. In order to measure the emotional problems of anxiety and depression, the IPAT Anxiety scale and IPAT Depression scale were administered on a sample of 200 individuals within the age of 20 years to 35 years. The 100 male participants with an early Segregated educational background and 100 male participants with an early Non-segregated educational background. The sample was selected from all the districts of the Karachi city. A chi-square test was computed for the statistical analysis of the research data. The hypotheses were found to be statistically significant at p <.001 level. The findings of the present research data provide the evidence that the males who received an early Segregated education have a high level of anxiety and depression sten scores than the individuals who received an early Non-Segregated education

Management of dependency in psychotherapy

The present study was conducted to investigate the management of dependency in psychotherapy in Pakistan. Twelve Male and twelve Female clients in the two categories of remainers and terminators, in equal numbers were included in the study. Content Analysis of first two recorded therapeutic sessions of each client was conducted. Highly significant level of Inter-Rater Reliability was obtained. Sign Test was used to find out the difference between the ratio of approach and avoidance interventions of the therapist. The result revealed that approach interventions used in the first two therapeutic sessions led to an increase in the frequency of the dependency bids of the client, and the client tended to be a remainer, while with avoidance interventions the frequency of dependency bids decreased and the client tended to be a terminator

relationship between self-esteem and coping responses of adults

In the present research the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Coping Responses of Adults was studied. It was hypothesized that individuals with high self esteem will obtain high scores on Logical Analysis and on Problem Solving. In order to find out the level of Self-Esteem among adults Culture Free Self-Esteem Inventory -Adult [CFSEI-2] was administered .In order to find out the Coping Responses in adults the Coping Response Inventory [CRI-A] was administered. The inventories were administered to two hundred participants out of which 100 were males and 100 were females. There were 50 males and 50 females who had high Self-Esteem and 50 females and 50 males who had low Self-Esteem. Chi-Square was computed for the statistical analysis of the data. Both the hypotheses were highly significant at P<.001 level. The results of the present study show that individuals with high Self-Esteem have a feeling of worthiness. They are confident and competent about their abilities. Their feelings of worthiness help them in the process of coping. In response to stress they try to think more logically, rationally and they attempt to solve the problems

Depression and anxiety in adulthood as a function of birth trauma in Pakistan

The present study was conducted on [Depression and Anxiety in adulthood as a function of Birth Trauma in Pakistan]. The main aim of the study was to assess the impact of birth trauma and assess the level, of anxiety and depression in adult population of Pakistan. For the purpose of this study Birth Trauma was classified into 2 distinct groups: 500 participants were included in this study. 200 individuals of both sexes born through traumatic brith [including Cesarean Birth and Forceps delivery] 300 Individuals of both sexes were taken as a controlled group who were born through the normal birth procedure. It was hypothesized that individuals born through a traumatic birth procedure will be more vulnerable towards anxiety and depression in adulthood in Pakistan. Following measures were used: Demographic Information Form, IPAT-Anxiety Scale, IPAT- Depression Scale. Chi-Square test was computed in order to obtain the statistical significance of the data. The findings showed that individuals who knew they were born through traumatic birth procedures had high anxiety and depression sten scores on IPAT Anxiety and IPAT Depression scales as compared to individuals born through Normal Birth Procedure

Early segregated education and vulnerability to emotional problems in adulthood

The present study is an attempt to highlight the emotional problems prevalent in the Pakistani youth with an early segregated education. The IPAT Anxiety scale and IPAT Depression scale were administered on a sample of 400 individuals within the age of 20 years to 35 years. The 400 participants were further divided into four categories comprising of 100 females with an early Segregated educational background, 100 males with an early Segregated educational background, 100 females with an early Non Segregated educational background and 100 males with an early Non Segregated educational background. The sample was selected from all the districts of the Karachi city. This article focuses on the emotional problem of anxiety and depression. Chi square test was applied for the statistical analysis of the data. The present research hypotheses were highly significant at P < .001 level

Marriage systems and success in marriages in Pakistan

The Present research was conducted to study the difference in marriage systems and success in marriages in Pakistan. To conduct the scientific analysis of research the marriage systems were divided into three categories i.e. [Totally Arranged Marriages] [Partially Arranged and Partially Love Marriages]. It was hypothesized that [Partially Arranged and Partially Love Marriages] and [Totally Arranged Marriages] will be successful as compared to [Totally Love Marriages]. The success of marriage was determined by the out come of Marriage. The fates of [Partially Arranged and Partially Love Marriages] and [Totally Arranged Marriages] were compared with the fate of [Totally Love Marriages]. A total number of 300 married individuals participated in the study. A standardized interview form was constructed in order to find out the results of the marriages in Pakistan and to collect some biographical information from the individuals. Divorce and Separation were taken as the criteria for unsuccessful marriages and length [individuals who were currently living together and have been happily married for more than five years] of marriages was taken as a criterion for successful marriages. A Chi-square test was computed for the statistical analysis of the data. The research findings provide the evidence that [Partially Arranged and Partially Love Marriages] and [Totally Arranged Marriages] are successful as compared to [Totally Love Marriages. The hypothesis was significant at P < .001 level

Vulnerability to emotional disturbances in fathers of neurotic and psychotic children

In the present research the level of anxiety among fathers of neurotic and psychotic children was studied. IPAT anxiety Scale was used followed by an interview to obtain information and history from them. Three hundred fathers participated in the study. Hundred fathers had neurotic children, hundred had psychotic children and hundred had normal children. A chi-square test was computed for the statistical analysis of the data and hypotheses were significant at. 05 level. It was concluded that the fathers of neurotic children have high sten scores on anxiety scale than the fathers of psychotic children

Success of love and arranged marriages in working women of Karachi: a comparative study

The present study aimed at comparing the fates of Totally Love Marriages with Totally Arranged Marriages in working women residing in Karachi. The success of marriage was determined by the outcome of marriage. A structured interview form was constructed in order to find out the results of the marriages and to collect some biographical information from the individuals. Divorce and Separation were taken as the criteria for unsuccessful marriages and length [individuals who were currently living together and have been happily married for more than five years] of marriages was taken as a criterion for successful marriages. It was assumed that Totally Arranged Marriages will be successful as compared to Totally Love Marriages in working women of Karachi. A total number of 200 married working women either doing office work or serving as nurses, teachers, doctors, lawyers at different sites in Karachi participated in the study. Their age range was from 25 to 40 years and their academic qualification was from intermediate to postgraduate professional degrees. A chi-square test was computed for the statistical analysis of the data. The research findings provide the evidence that Totally Arranged Marriages are successful as compared to Totally Love Marriages in working women of Karachi. The result was significant at p < .05 level

Psychotherapists' interventions and their effect on the patients' remaining in or terminating psychotherapy

The present study is aimed at exploring the effect of approach and avoidance interventions of the therapist on [a] the patients, remaining in or [b] terminating psychotherapy. Seven therapists of the Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, participated in this study. 56 audio-cassettes of 28 patients [first two tape recorded therapy sessions of two remainers and two terminators of each therapist] were subjected to content analysis. Inter-scorer reliability between the author and the other scorer yielded satisfactory results. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to find out statistical difference between the remainers and terminators. It was found that with approach interventions of the therapists to hostility with hostility anxiet expressions, the patients tended to remain longer in psychotherapy, whereas with avoidance interventions of the tharapists to such expressions, the patients tended to terminate psychotherapy

Relationship of personality factors with academic achievement in Pakistan

In the present study the relationship between different personality factors of Pakistani students and their academic achievement in the graduation examination was studied. In order to study the students' personality factors, Gordon Personal Profile and Gordon Personal Inventory were administered to 500 postgraduate students and they were asked to mention their grades at B.A./B.Sc. level according to the 1[st], 2[nd] and 3[rd] divisions. Five hundred participants were divided into two groups which comprised of 250 male students and 250 female students. These groups were further divided according to the medium of instructions followed in their respective colleges. 125 male students who studied in English medium colleges and 125 male students who studied in Urdu medium colleges, 125 female students who studied in English medium colleges and 125 female students who studied in Urdu medium colleges of Karachi, were selected. This article focused on two traits only. Chi-square test was calculated for the statistical analysis of the data. Both the hypotheses were highly significant at P<.001 level

Mental health of the spouses of cardiovascular patients

The present research is conducted in order to investigate the mental health of the wives of husbands with cardiovascular diseases and the wives of normal husbands. IPAT ANXIETY and IPAT DEPRESSION scales were administered to 100 wives and they were asked to mention their demographic data. It was hypothesized that wives of husbands with cardiovascular diseases will obtain high Sten scores on depression and anxiety scales as compared to wives of normal husbands. 100 participants were divided into two groups out of which 50 wives were of the patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and 50 wives were of the normal individuals. Chi-square test was applied for the statistical analysis of the data. The results of the present study show that the wives of cardiovascular husbands are more depressed [x[2] = 33.74, df= 1, p<.001] and anxious [x[2] = 33.96, df= 1, p<.001] than the wives of normal husbands

Level of dominance and its relation to therapeutic outcome

In the present study it was hypothesized that therapist's level of dominance has effect on number of their patients being Remainers or Terminators in therapy. In order to test this hypothesis the Personality Research Form-E alongwith a questionnaire prepared was given to 33 student psychotherapists of six male therapist's and 27 female therapists of the Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi. The therapist's were divided into 2 groups, depending on their high or low scores. Mann Whitney U. Test was applied in order to get statistical significance of the results. It was found that therapist's level of dominance have no effect on having more patients as remainers and terminators

Role of therapist in the outcome of therapy

In the present study it was hypothesized that different therapist's personality variables have their effect on number of their patients being Remainers or Terminators in therapy. The personality variables measured are affiliation, achievement, cognitive structure, endurance, harm avoidance, nurturance, social recognition, understanding. In order to test these hypotheses the Personality Research Form-E alongwith a questionnaire prepared was given to 33 student psychotherapists comprising of 6 male therapist's and 27 female therapists of the Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi. The therapist's were divided into 2 groups, depending on their high or low scores. Mann Whitney U Test was applied in order to get statistical significance of the results. It was found that therapist's who scored high on affiliation, achievement, endurance, harm avoidance, nurturance and understanding they had more patients as remainers as compared to those who scored low on these variables. No difference was found whether the therapist's were high or low on the following variables, cognitive structure and social recognition