ABSTRACT
Migraine is common and nocturnal attacks, sometimes, at night make the individual awake. Migraine often induces heavy pressure on the individual and society, and mostly co morbid with psychiatric disorders. Dreaming is a personal and psychological experience that never can be recorded while happening. Different physical-mental situations cause variation in dreaming form. Dreaming content can affect on procedure and features of some psychiatric disorders and it seems some accelerate migraine headaches. Present study investigated the dreaming content of migraineurs. In this cross sectional study, 185 patients with migraine were selected and investigated by available sampling. Migraine diagnosis was based on International Headache Society [HIS] criteria. Dreams were interpreted based on Hall/ Van de Castle, which consisted 11 dreaming content categories. Data was analyzed in SPSS 17 and variables through descriptive statistical tests, analytical chi[2], ANOVA and Logistic regression. Out of 185 patients, 133 were women. In nocturnal migraine, the average number of attacks were more per month [P = 0.006]. Out of 130 patients, 231 dreams were recorded. Those with nocturnal attacks remembered and recorded their dreams more [P = 0.02]. Friendliness, sexual and bad fortune contents were more in those with nocturnal attacks [P = 0.001]. Sadness, bad fortune, aggression, confusion, sexual [P = 0.001] and failure accelerated headaches [P = 0.039]. Positive or negative emotions increase headaches. More advanced studies about dreaming contents in different patients and cultures and their comparison with healthy individuals can be helpful in this issue
ABSTRACT
Background: the essence of parathyroid surgery is finding the diseased gland or glands. Even experienced surgeons have a small miss rate despite numerous paraclinical localizing techniques. The surgeons' information about location of glands is the most important factor in finding them. The goal of anatomical research is to determine the location of glands and help improve surgeons' information
Methods and Cases: to find ectopic cases of parathyroid glands this descriptive study which took 1.5 years was done on 100 cadavers which had been dissected for legal purposes. Obtained samples were dissected by classical method, and 871 tissue samples which were considered as parathyroid tissue were sent for pathological evaluation
Results: four hundred-eleven tissue samples were diagnosed as parathyroid tissue. Forty-seven [11.5%] were ectopic. Seventeen ectopic glands were found in the postrosuperior part of the thyroid gland, 15 mediastinum and thymus, 8 in the posterior part of the esophagus and pharynx, and 7 in thyroid tissue. Seventeen percent of ectopic cases were in upper glands and 30% of ectopic glands were in lower glands [P = 0.002]
Conclusion: possibility of existence of ectopic cases of parathyroid glands in thyroid and mediastinum should be considered during thyroid surgery
ABSTRACT
Many psychiatric patients have nicotine and other substance dependence. The goal of this research is examining the frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence among psychiatric inpatients in Kerman, Iran. Three groups of psychiatric inpatients, chronic medical patients and a sample from the local population, each including 400 subjects were selected. Psychiatric patients were evaluated in Kerman Psychiatric Hospital, Kerman, Iran in the year 2001. Nicotine dependence was evaluated via Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, score above 7 was considered positive for nicotine dependence. Opium dependence was evaluated by semi-structured interview based on The Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. One hundred and fifteen [28.75%] psychiatric patients had nicotine dependence which was higher than 2 other groups [X2=4, degrees of freedom [df]=4, p<0.0001]. One hundred and forty [35%] psychiatric patients had opium dependence which did not differ from chronic medical patients but was higher than the third group [X2=21.97, df=2, p<0.0001]. Frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence were higher among male subjects in all 3 groups. Highest frequencies of nicotine and opium dependence were seen among patients with post traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. The highest coefficient of contingency between nicotine dependence and opium dependence was seen among psychiatric patients. Psychiatric patients are predisposed to substance dependence. One plausible reason for opium dependence in our patients is cultural factors. Substance dependence associated with other psychiatric disorders should be considered by treating physicians in any treatment plan