ABSTRACT
Objective:To determine both the distribution and the ecological characteristics of sand flies in Golestan Province, northeast of Iran in 2016.Methods:In this study, 34 villages were selected based on their geographical conditions. Sticky paper traps were used for collecting the sand flies. Sampling was carried out in each of villages from May to November. In each village, 60 traps for indoors and 60 for outdoors were monthly installed. The species of all collected sand flies were determined using approved morphological keys. Pearson coefficient correlation was used to find the relationship between the number of collected Phlebotomus papatasi from different villages and incidence rate of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as the number of positive cases of the disease. The altitude of the studied villages was extracted from digital elevation model of the area using GIS and vegetation cover density index of the province was extracted from Modis satellite imagery and distribution map of sand flies drown up.Results:Overall, 5 428 sand flies were collected and identified, belonging to 18 species. Phlebotomus wenyoni was reported for the first time from the area in this study. The frequency of sand flies in the villages located in northeast of the Golestan province (the plateau area, lower altitude, arid and semi-arid climates, and lower vegetation cover density), were more than other villages in this province. There was a significant correlation between the number of collected Phlebotomus papatasi and incidence rate of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in different villages (r=0.837, P=0.019) as well as the number of positive cases of the disease (r=0.688, P<0.001).Conclusions:In the northeaster areas of Golestan Province which is known as the endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, the abundance of sand flies were more and the conditions for their growth and development were more appropriate.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine both the distribution and the ecological characteristics of sand flies in Golestan Province, northeast of Iran in 2016. Methods: In this study, 34 villages were selected based on their geographical conditions. Sticky paper traps were used for collecting the sand flies. Sampling was carried out in each of villages from May to November. In each village, 60 traps for indoors and 60 for outdoors were monthly installed. The species of all collected sand flies were determined using approved morphological keys. Pearson coefficient correlation was used to find the relationship between the number of collected Phlebotomus papatasi from different villages and incidence rate of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as the number of positive cases of the disease. The altitude of the studied villages was extracted from digital elevation model of the area using GIS and vegetation cover density index of the province was extracted from Modis satellite imagery and distribution map of sand flies drown up. Results: Overall, 5 428 sand flies were collected and identified, belonging to 18 species. Phlebotomus wenyoni was reported for the first time from the area in this study. The frequency of sand flies in the villages located in northeast of the Golestan province (the plateau area, lower altitude, arid and semi-arid climates, and lower vegetation cover density), were more than other villages in this province. There was a significant correlation between the number of collected Phlebotomus papatasi and incidence rate of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in different villages (r=0.837, P=0.019) as well as the number of positive cases of the disease (r=0.688, P<0.001). Conclusions: In the northeaster areas of Golestan Province which is known as the endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, the abundance of sand flies were more and the conditions for their growth and development were more appropriate.
ABSTRACT
Chronic pain has some deleterious outcomes such as suicide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between depression, pain self-efficacy, and suicidal ideation. In a descriptive study, from spring to summer 2011 in Tehran, 264 patients with chronic pain were selected via a convenience sampling method. These patients completed suicidal ideation, depression and pain self-efficacy questionnaires. The collected data were analysed, using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. While there was a significant and positive correlation between suicidal ideation and depression [r=0.56, P<0.01], there was a significant and negative correlation between suicidal ideation and pain self-efficacy [r=-0.36, P<0.01]. The result of multiple regression analysis indicates that pain self-efficacy plays a moderating role in the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. There is a significant relationship between depression and suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients. Furthermore, pain self-efficacy moderates the association between depression and suicidal ideation. The results provide further support for cognitive-behavioral pain self-management programs and point to the potential benefits of interventions aimed to increase sense of pain self-efficacy among patients suffering from chronic pain