ABSTRACT
The emerging drug resistance bacteria increased the demand on the discovery of antibiotics from natural sources. This research was aimed to study the antibacterial reactivity; as well as the phytochemicals, of the wild type of Cyclamen persicum, using nine different extraction methods where four solvents [Methanol, Ethanol, Hexane; and Water] were involved with varied extraction periods ranged from 2 up to 10 hours. The antibacterial activity of crude methanol extract [CME] was found as the best method of extraction, with particular emphasis on the method with prolonged extraction time of [10 hrs]. The antibacterial activities of produced CME were determined by using agar diffusion method against two of gram-positive bacteria and two gram-negative ones. The CME treated Mueller-HintonAgar plates, were exhibited antibacterial effects against the gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis] by showing of inhibition zone after overnight incubation, while nothing was noticed on those of gram negative ones [Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli]. These results that proved the antibacterial activity of the Cyclamen persicum tubers were positively tested the Saponin glycosides from plant. In addition to that, methanol solvent could be the useful method for extractions of Cyclamen and can be used in any developing drugs against pathogenic gram positive bacteria
ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Ephedra alata (E. alata) is perennial tough shrub plant that grows in Palestine and other regions. It is used often in folk's medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this project, E. alata extract was tested for its ability to improve wound and burn healing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An aqueous extract of E. alata was prepared and underwent several phytochemical analyses for the presence of the major classes of phytochemical compounds. After that, a polyethylene glycol-based ointment containing the extract of E. alata was prepared and its wound and burn healing activities were tested in-vivo using an animal model for deep wound and full thickness skin burn. The effect was compared against a placebo ointment. Skin biopsies were evaluated by a blinded clinical histopathologist, in addition to digital analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of the major classes of phytochemical compounds in the prepared extract including flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosteroids, phenolic compounds, volatile oils and tannins. As compared to placebo ointment, E. alata ointment significantly improved the healing of the wound ulcers, whereas it showed no advantage on the quality of the healing of burn ulcers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>E. alata extract is rich in phytochemical compounds and can improve wound healing when applied topically.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Burns , Drug Therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Ephedra , Chemistry , Mesocricetus , Ointments , Plant Extracts , Therapeutic Uses , Wound HealingABSTRACT
O objetivo é estimar as associaçöes entre a escolaridade materna, como variável dependente, e algumas variáveis constantes na Declaraçäo de Nascido Vivo (DNV) do Ministério da Saúde. Em uma análise de 3.843 DNV da regiäo de Guaratinguetá, Säo Paulo, relativas a partos hospitalares e nascimentos únicos, ocorridos no ano de 1998, foram encontradas associaçöes estatisticamente significativas entre a menor escolaridade e ocorrência de baixo peso ao nascer; número de filhos vivos igual ou maior que três; história pregressa de filhos mortos; maior número de partos e consultas médicas no pré-natal em número até seis. Näo se observaram associaçöes entre escolaridade e aborto e tempo de gestaçäo, citadas em outros trabalhos. Assim, a escolaridade materna pode ser considerada um marcador obstétrico de risco para a gestante e o recém-nascido.