Metabolic profile changes of kidney aging and protective effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides on D-galactose-induced aging mice / 数字中医药（英文）

Objective@#To investigate the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and the effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) against kidney aging in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS). @*Methods@#A total of 36 C57 BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to six groups: control (CON), model (MOD), PSP low-dose (PSP-L), PSP medium-dose (PSP-M), PSP high-dose (PSP-H), and positive drug ascorbic acid (VC) groups. To create models of aging mice, D-gal was intraperitoneally administered to all other groups of mice except the CON group. After modeling, the appropriate Chinese medicine [PSP-L: 150 mg/(kg·d), PSP-M: 300 mg/(kg·d), PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)] or positive drug [ascorbic acid, 300 mg/(kg·d)] was administered for intervention. Key markers of renal function in urine and serum of mice in each group, such as creatinine (Crea), urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels, as well as key indicators of oxidative stress in serum and kidney, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to validate the successful establishment of kidney aging models and to estimate the effects of PSP. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and β-galactosidase staining were used to assess the renal pathological changes. The metabolic profiles of serum, kidney, and urine samples from CON, MOD, and PSP-H groups were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS, and pattern recognition methods were used to outline the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and to identify the characteristic metabolites. @*Results@#Age-related alterations in renal histopathology and impaired renal function in mice were also associated with oxidative stress indicators. Following the injection of PSP [PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)], the pathological indices associated with aging were adjusted to normal levels, renal function and oxidative stress were improved in aging mice, and renal pathological damage was markedly improved. Meanwhile, the potential biomarkers were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS analysis and were further analyzed to form related metabolic pathways, with P < 0.05 as a threshold. The results showed that purine, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, and riboflavin metabolisms were the main metabolic pathways associated with aging. After administration of PSP, these pathological indices returned to normal levels, and biomarkers related to the aging process, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, also demonstrated, to some degree, reverse regulation (promoting synthesis). @*Conclusion@#Metabolomics methods based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis can be adopted to establish metabolic profiles in aging mice. PSP has been shown to protect against kidney aging by interfering with the purine, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, and riboflavin metabolisms in the kidney.

Asymmetric Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Mouse Brain Hemispheres: A Link to the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Complex

Abstract The prolonged entry of large amounts of calcium into the mitochondria through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (MCUC) may cause the permeability transition pore (mPTP) to open, which contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases. Tissue-specific differences in mPTP opening due to variable expression of MCUC components may contribute to disease outcomes. We designed this study to determine differential mPTP opening in mitochondria isolated from different regions of mouse brain and kidney and to compare it with the expression of MCUC components. mPTP opening was measured using mitochondria isolated from the left/right brain hemispheres (LH/RH, respectively) and from kidney cortex/medulla, while the expression level of MCUC components was assessed from total cellular RNA. Interestingly, LH mitochondria showed less calcium-induced mPTP opening as compared to RH mitochondria at two different calcium concentrations. Conversely, mPTP opening was similar in the renal cortex and renal medulla mitochondria. However, the kidney mitochondria demonstrated bigger and faster mPTP opening as compared to the brain mitochondria. Furthermore, asymmetric mPTP opening in the LH and RH mitochondria was not associated with the expression of MCUC components. In brief, this study demonstrates thus far unreported asymmetric mPTP opening in mouse brain hemispheres that is not associated with the mRNA levels of MCUC components.

Impact of blood pressure and hypertension in the risk assessment of heart diseases among young people

Introduction: Hypertension is a significant public health problem, with a worldwide prevalence of 40.8% and a control rate of 32.3. Hypertension is a noteworthy hazard factor for various genuine health conditions, including cardiovascular ailment, cerebrovascular malady, and constant kidney illness. Objectives of the study: The main objective of the study is to find the effect of blood pressure and hypertension in the risk assessment of heart diseases among young people.Methodology of the study: This study was conducted at Islam teaching hospital and Victoria hospital Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This study was conducted according to the rules and regulations of ethical committee of hospital. This research will help towards next findings of effect of blood pressure in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.Results: The data shows that there is a significant relationship between hypertension and CVD. There is also some positive relationship between socio-economic status and hypertension with respect to CVD. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current hypertension paradigm does not account for the continuous risk associated with elevated BP or the multifactorial nature of CVD, the primary consequence of elevated BP.

Do accessory parameters affect the outcome of the endoscopic procedures in female infertile patients?: an experience at a single tertiary care center

Background: In modern era, endoscopic methods are commonly used in evaluation of female infertility. Hysterolaparoscopy is such a real time theranostic modality for anatomical causes of the infertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of accessory parameters (Age, Body mass index, duration of infertility, Rhesus factor, menstruation history and hemoglobin) on success rate of endoscopic procedures in terms of achieving pregnancy.Methods: A total 157 female infertile patients (Mean± standard deviation 27.72±3.82 years) were recruited in present study. During initial assessment detailed history was taken and hysterolaparoscopy was performed. The observed structural abnormalities on hysterolaparoscopy during diagnostic work up were tackled at same time if possible. After procedure, patients were counselled for regular sexual activity. The follow-up of all patients was done for 12 months.Results: A total 157 female infertile patients were recruited and divided into primary 93 (59.2%) and secondary infertile 64 (41.74%) patients on basis of obstetric history. The average age, BMI, hemoglobin and duration of infertility were 27.7years, 21.8 kg/m2, 12.3 gm and 3.9 years respectively. Out of 157 patients, anatomical abnormalities were detected in 125 patients during Hysterolaparoscopy and distributed in 77/93 (82.8%) primary and 48/64 (75%) secondary infertile patients. Of 125 patients with abnormal hysterolaparoscopic findings, 121 underwent active intervention and on follow up, 43 patients were conceived. We found that age; BMI, Rhesus factor, menstruation history and duration of the infertility were not correlated with fertility outcome while hemoglobin level was significantly correlated with conception rate.Conclusions: Authors concluded that outcome of the hysterolaparoscopy in female infertile patients is significantly depends upon hemoglobin levels, however outcome is irrelevant to age, duration of infertility, Rhesus factor and body mass index.

Histopathological Audit of Thyroid Lesions: A Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objectives: The present study aims to determine the pattern of thyroid lesions in thyroidectomy specimens received in the Pathology Department of Ibn-e Sina Hospital, Multan, Pakistan. Materials and methods: In the current research all the thyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy specimen from any age, sex were included. Previously diagnosed cases with any neoplastic lesions were excluded from the research. The biopsy registers were reviewed and different lesions were categorized. Age and sex-wise variations of the lesions were noted. The study proposal was reviewed and accepted by the hospital ethical committee. Statistical analysis was done using the frequency distribution table in the Microsoft Excel Office. Results: A total of 1465 cases presented with thyroid nodule were histopathologically examined. Among these cases 1169 cases were diagnosed as simple goiter, 146 as adenoma and 86 cases were proved to be malignant tumors. These 86 malignant cases were comprised of papillary thyroid carcinoma (n=43) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (n=43). While 64 cases were categorized as “other”. Conclusion: The majority of the thyroid nodules are either non-neoplastic or benign neoplasm. Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas share equal prevalence in Pakistani society according to the findings of the present study.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Prostate Specific Antigen for the Detection of Malignancy in Breast Tumors Keeping Histopathology as Gold Standard

Background/objective: Breast cancer is a major concern worldwide and causes one of the highest numbers of causalities. The general approach for the evaluation of breast cancer has become formalized as triple assessment: clinical examination, imaging (usually mammography, ultrasonography, or both), and needle biopsy. Prostatespecific antigen (PSA) has been reported to be a potential biomarker of breast cancer. The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of Prostate specific antigen for the detection of malignancy in breast tumors keeping histopathology as the gold standard. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur from April 15, 2013, to October 14, 2013. All the patients with breast lump attending Surgery Outpatient Department were included in the study. Blood samples were collected in 5 ml sterile syringes on the same day before the FNAC was done. The total prostate-specific antigen of patients was assessed by commercially available ELISA kits and values >5 ng/L were labeled as positive. Results: Total of 230 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 42 years with a standard deviation of 11.681 years. About 182 patients had breast cancer on histopathology while 160 patients were positive for PSA. PSA was found to be 78.2% precise in detection, the sensitivity of 80.2%, specificity of 70.8%, and positive predictive value of 91.2% and negative predictive value of 48.5%. Conclusion: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) has significant diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer in women.

Acute blood transfusion reaction in a tertiary care hospital in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Blood transfusion is a lifesaving process but carries many risks. Majority of these had been reduced with better diagnostic and management strategies. But the risk of non-infectious adverse transfusion reactions though reduced but cannot be eliminated. Hemovigilance is the system to monitor such reactions.Methods: The objective of current study was to know the frequency of adverse transfusion reactions and to compare it with local and international data. Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was done in Ibn-e- Sina hospital. Adverse transfusion reactions reported to blood bank was analysed according to hospital protocol.Results: Out of 6050 blood transfusions 23 (0.38%) develop adverse transfusion reactions. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction was the commonest adverse event and whole blood was the component implicated.Conclusions: Adverse transfusion reactions are non-infectious complications of blood transfusion which in spite of all efforts cannot be avoided. Frequency of adverse transfusion reactions in our study was 0.38% and Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction was commonest reported reaction type. Hemovigilance system is necessary to monitor, investigate and control such activities.

Scrutinizing the patients with breast lump on fine needle aspiration cytology

Background: One of the most common medical problems, women face today, is a lump in the breast. These lumps may range from simple inflammatory to malignant. In case of carcinoma, early and accurate diagnosis can save the patient from metastases thus reducing mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present study is to see the spectrum of lesion in breast lump specimens in Ibn e Sina Hospital, Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan over a period of ten years.Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Multan Medical and Dental College Multan, Pakistan. Data were gathered from the archives of Pathology laboratory, comprising of years 2007 t0 2017, after approval from Institutional Ethical Review Committee. All the patients presented with complaint of any kind of swelling of breast were included in this study. All the demographic and clinical details of the patients were collected on proforma. Fine needle aspiration technique was used to take sample from the suspected lesional area. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data.Results: A total of 2039 patients were presented with complaint of lump/swelling in their breast unilaterally or bilaterally. There were 628 (30.8%) benign lesions, 872 (42.8) malignant lesions, 229 cases with atypical cells. Mastitis/inflammatory lesions were seen in 167 (8.2%) cases and tuberculous granulomas were observed in 83 (4.07%) cases. Twenty cases were of miscellaneous types including lipoma, phylloda, simple cysts etc.Conclusions: Findings of present study show that majority of breast lumps were malignant, benign, inflammatory and tuberculous respectively.

Does type of intervention affects the endoscopic procedure outcome in female infertile patients? an experience at a single tertiary care centre

Background: To compare the types of hysterolaparoscopic interventions in female infertile patients and evaluate the outcome in terms of achieving pregnancy at follow up of 12 months.Methods: We prospectively evaluated 157 female-infertile-patients (age range 19-35 years; mean age 27.75 years). During their workup, all underwent hysterolaparoscopy. The detected anatomical abnormalities on hysterolaparoscopy were also tackled at same time if possible. After hysterolaparoscopy, Patients were advised for regular sexual activity. Follow-up of all recruited patients was done for 12 months or till achievement of fetal cardiac activity.Results: Of the 157 female-infertile-patients, 93 (59.2%) were of primary infertility and remaining 64 (41.74%) were secondary infertility patients. Hysterolaparoscopy revealed abnormalities in 125/157 patients. Of the 125 patients with abnormal hysterolaparoscopic findings, 121 underwent active therapeutic interventions. Out of 121 underwent active intervention and 43 patients conceived during next 12 months. Of 121 patients, 81 (66.9%) experienced single type intervention and remaining 40 (33.1%) experienced multiple type of the intervention. Among 81 patients with single type intervention, 28 conceived while 33 patients with multiple type of intervention 15 conceived. There was no statistically significant difference in pregnancy outcome in both groups. When we analyzed independently in primary and secondary infertility patients, similarly there was no significant difference in the pregnancy outcome.Conclusions: We concluded the conception rate was not significantly difference in infertile female patients, who underwent either single or multiple type hysterolaparoscopic intervention. So hysterolaparoscopy interventions should be performed in infertile female patients irrespective of type and extent of pelvic pathologies.

Rouleaux formation of white blood cells and platelets in leukemia / Formação de rouleaux de glóbulos brancos e plaquetas em leucemia

The objective of this study was to measure the effects of glucose and salt level on white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets (PLTs) in the blood of a leukemic patient by using a white light microscope. Different concentrations of glucose and salt in the range of 0 mM to 500 mM were admixed in the blood sample to prepare blood smear. We revealed that shape of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets changes and form aggregates. Increasing concentrations of glucose cause to increases aggregation process of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. And the increasing concentration of sodium chloride causes to increase rouleaux formation and aggregation of platelets but dehydration due to increased sodium chloride concentration causes to break the aggregation of white blood cells. Comparison of CBC reports of these samples with and without analytes shows that total leukocyte count (TLC) decreases gradually towards normal ranges of leukocytes which is favorable in the treatment of leukemia but at the same time decreasing level of hemoglobin HGB, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and increasing level of red blood cell (RBCs) causes to reduce oxygen supply which is in favor of cancer growth and anemia. This work provides us the base for translation this in vitro study towards the in vivo case of blood microvasculature as a non-invasive methodology.

O objetivo deste estudo foi medir os efeitos da glicose e do nível de sal nos glóbulos brancos, glóbulos vermelhos e plaquetas (PLTs) no sangue de um paciente leucêmico usando um microscópio de luz branca. Foram misturadas diferentes concentrações de glicose e sal na gama de 0 mM a 500 mM na amostra de sangue para preparar esfregaço de sangue. Descrevemos que a forma dos eritrócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas muda e forma agregados. O aumento das concentrações de glicose aumenta o processo de agregação de glóbulos brancos, glóbulos vermelhos e plaquetas. E a crescente concentração de cloreto de sódio causa o aumento da formação de rouleaux e a agregação de plaquetas, mas a desidratação devido ao aumento da concentração de cloreto de sódio causa a quebra da agregação de glóbulos brancos. A comparação dos relatórios de CBC dessas amostras com e sem analitos mostra que a contagem total de leucócitos (TLC) diminui gradualmente para os intervalos normais de leucócitos, o que é favorável no tratamento da leucemia, mas ao mesmo tempo diminui o nível de hemoglobina HGB, hemoglobina corpuscular média (MCH ), a concentração média de hemoglobina corpuscular (MCHC) e o aumento do nível de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs) reduz o suprimento de oxigênio, o que é a favor do crescimento do câncer e da anemia. Este trabalho fornece a base para a tradução deste estudo in vitro para o caso in vivo de microvasculatura de sangue como uma metodologia não-invasiva.

Unusual presentation of fibrosarcoma in a child

Malignant soft tissue tumours are rare in infants. Specific radiologic features help differentiate benign from malignant musculoskeletal entities. We report a case of malignant soft tissue tumour with initial radiologic evaluation suggesting a benign entity, thus delaying diagnosis. The case was treated as a case of cystic hygroma, suggested by ultrasound and MRI with good initial response to bleomycin injection. Later, symptoms recurred with poor response to repeat therapy which led to review the diagnosis. Angiography, arterial embolisation, surgical excision, and finally histopathology showed that a cystic infantile fibrosarcoma was initially misinterpreted as cystic hygroma. A comprehensive literature review and discussion on infantile fibrosarcoma; and its mimics are provided

Is hepatovenocaval syndrome a different entity from budd-chiari syndrome in children?

Objective: To differentiate between clinical and demographic spectrum, and outcome in hepatovenocaval syndrome [HVCS] and Budd-Chiari syndrome [BCS]. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children Hospital, Lahore, from January 2014 to January 2017

Methodology: All children less than 18 years of age, presenting with ascites and visible veins over abdomen, flanks and back were enrolled in the study. Real time Doppler Ultrasonogram was performed in all children for documentation of intrahepatic part of IVC obstruction along with or without hepatic venous obstruction. Children meeting inclusion criteria underwent liver profile, coagulation profile, diagnostic paracentesis for SAAG gradient, and Gadolinium enhanced multiphasic MR scan. Liver biopsy and venography was performed in selected patients

Results: A total of 92 children presented with ascites, among them 58 children met our inclusion criteria. Intrahepatic IVC obliteration, i.e. HVCS, found in 67% [n=39] and hepatic venous outflow obstruction, i.e. BCS was found in 33% [n=19] children. Children with BCS were older than HVCS with mean age of 9.5 +/-2.58 versus 4.12 +/-0.977 years. HVCS group had 14 boys and 24 girls with a ratio of 1:1.8, while BCS had a ratio of 1:0.9 with 10 boys and 9 girls. No etiological factor was found for HVCS, while most of patients with BCS had a procoagulant disorder. Caudate lobe hypertrophy was a consistent feature in BCS, while IVC obstruction was found in HVCS persistently. Orthotopic liver transplant was needed in three cases [7.6%] of HVCS and four [20.96%] of BCS cases. Antibiotic therapy has a good role in HVCS, while anticoagulation and diuretics had good result in BCS

Conclusion: Hepatovenocaval syndrome [HVCS] mostly affected younger children, especially girls. BCS usually affected older age groups with pro-coagulant disorders who responded to anticoagulation and diuretic. Further studies are needed to compare both conditions

Berardinelli-seip congenital generalised lipodystrophy

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy [BSCL] syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by dysregulation of glycemic and lipid metabolism. We report five BSCL cases with typical clinical pictures and complications. These, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first case series from Pakistan. BSCL is characterized by marked atrophy of adipose tissue, acromegaly, acanthosis nigricans and tall stature. We could not perform genetics studies in any patient owing to non-availability of genetic laboratory in Pakistan. All the cases presented hypertriglyceridemia. One case developed hyperinsulinism controlled with metformin. There is no curative treatment and the current approach is low-fat diet and management of insulin resistance and diabetes. Recently published studies showed that leptin-replacement therapy is promising in the metabolic correction of complications of BSCL. This highlights the importance of further research in BSCL treatment

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, its new drug treatments and strategies: a review

COPD is a complicated disease. Current available treatments are just for symptomatic relief and they cannot reverse the damages to lungs tissues due to alveolar destruction in COPD. Research is being conducted to evaluate new treatments and strategies to find specific treatments to minimize the symptoms of COPD. A new mixture of herbal medicine i.e AKL1 has emerged and thought to cure COPD symptoms especially cough related quality of life of COPD patients. Although, the results have showed no significant difference as compared to placebo but researchers recommend further evaluation in a large population [COPD Patients] group. Another medicine Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, was also found to be effective to treat COPD under specific recommendations with further research needed. Finally another medicine Indacaterol, a novel, once-daily [o.d] inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist proved to be effective clinically to treat COPD related broncho-constriction and also increasing the COPD patient's compliance by reducing the number of doses as compared to other conventional inhaled bronchodilators such as Albuterol

Pattern of peripheral vascular disease in troops and troop families in armed forces

Objective: To delineate pattern of peripheral vascular disease [PAD] [upper or lower limb vessels] among troops and their families in the Armed Forces. Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology [AFIC] and National Institute of Heart Diseases [NIHD] Rawalpindi and Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Rawalpindi over a 3 year period, from Aug 2012 to Aug 2015

Material and Methods: All serving and retired army personnel and their families were included in the study. Method of sampling was non probability convenience sampling. The total number of patients was 156. All referrals were from CMH vascular surgery department. All arteriograms were performed on Siemens angiography equipment without facility of DSA [digital subtraction angiography]. The lesions were placed in one of the following categories: normal category in whom either the vessels were normal or minimally diseased without any flow limitation, short and long segment stenoses, and short and long segment occlusions and diffusely diseased vessels. The arteriogram of infra inguinal region was divided into femoropopliteal segment and infra popliteal segment. SPSS version 14 was used to calculate the frequency and percentage of various disease patterns

Results: The pattern of peripheral vascular disease was divided in the lower limb in infra inguinal region into femoropopliteal disease and infra popliteal disease. The predominant pattern of disease in the femoro popliteal segment was long segment occlusion and the disease pattern in the infra popliteal segment was diffuse disease of the involved vessels. The predominant pattern of disease in upper limb was long segment blockage

Conclusion: Peripheral vascular disease among soldiers and families show advanced disease pattern at presentation

Split half reliability of modified hand test

Objective: To establish psychometrics of main study entitled "Adaptation, Modification and Development of Norms of Hand Test in Pakistan." Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of the study: Government College University, Lahore, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017

Material and Methods: Modified version of Hand Test consisting of fourteen stimuli were administered to a sample of 500 participants which were selected from various cities of Pakistan. Participants were bifurcated into 350 normal, 50 maladjusted, neurotic and psychotic each age ranged from 11 to 80 years with [M=34.44 +/- SD=17.34. In the present study, four new stimuli were adapted through a pilot study comprising 100 participants [50 normal and 50 psychotics] on the criteria of stimulus ability to generate responses in more scoring categories as well as varied range of responses. These four stimuli were divided into two groups, group one consisted of stimulus 1,3,5,7,9,11 and 13 whereas group two consisted of stimulus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14

Results: Cronbach alpha was computed for the entire sample as well as for the above-mentioned groups. It remained moderate for combined scoring categories as overall for interpersonal as r=0.39, environmental as r=25, maladjustive as r=36 and withdrawal as r=54 Cronbach alpha remained high for other scoring categories and groups including action for neurotic=0.86, crippled for maladjusted r=65, direction for normal r=62, aggression for psychotic r=60, bizarre for maladjusted, psychotic and overall r=72, 0.84 and 0.83 respectively

Conclusion: Modified version of Hand Test provided promising results in terms of split half reliability and discrimination across categories of sample

Physicochemical and Antimicrobial properties of canola [Brassica napus L.] seed oil

Canola oil has been used in the Pakistan for the treatment of various diseases and skin infections. Oil was extracted with n-hexane from the seeds of canola [Brassica napus L.] and was evaluated for free fatty acid value. Four microorganisms namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas originals, and Klebsiella pneumonia, has known to cause some infections treatable with these oils were investigated. The results showed that all oil shown inhibitory effects against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas originals but no inhibitory effects was found against Staphylococcus aureus

Effect of Lactobacillus casei on serum interleukins following enteropathogenic E. coli infection in experimental rabbits

In the present study we investigated the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei following infection with multi-drug resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in experimental rabbits. For this purpose, 40 adult rabbits were divided into different groups and were infected with multi-drug resistant E. coli AZ1 strain except the control groups. The rabbits were orally administered with L. casei SABA6 strain in two different ways i.e. pre-treatment and post-treatment and both were continued for 7 days. The rabbits were sacrificed sequentially at 0, 4, 7 and 10 days post infection [dpi]. Serum and intestinal tissue samples were collected from each rabbit. Intestinal tissue samples were subjected to histopathological examination that showed microscopic lesions at 4 and 7 dpi among infected group. The serum samples were processed for determination of Interleukin-6 [IL-6, pro-inflammatory] and Interleukin-10 [IL-10, anti-inflammatory] using ELISA. It was found that oral administration of L. casei SABA6 reduces the eruption of intestinal epithelial cells and reduces the incidence of diarrhea. Further, L. casei SABA6 also resulted in immuno modulation by significant increase in concentration of IL-6 and IL-10 particularly at 4 and 7 dpi and protects against E. coli AZ1 infection. Altogether, it was concluded that increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels were responsible for protection against EPEC infections. The sequential sacrifice of experimental animals could be adopted for future studies to find out pathogenesis and virulence mechanism of EPEC infections along with protective efficacy of different probiotics

Manufacturer tolerance in slot height of 0.022-inch maxillary canine brackets

Orthodontic brackets manufacturer does not reveal their actual slot height. Tolerance if present in bracket slot can lead to poor three-dimensional control of teeth. This study was done to determine the manufacturer tolerance in slot height of maxillary canine brackets.Mesial and distal slots of one hundred and forty stainless steel maxillary canine brackets of seven commercial brands in 0.022-inch ["] slot were measured individually with leaf gauges of 0.01millime-ter [mm] thickness. Digital readout in inches of leaf gauges was attained by micrometer. Descriptive statistics were generated for bracket slot height and one sample T test was used to check whether significant tolerance exist in slot height. A p value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Smallest mean slot height of 0.0233+.0006 " was noted in mesial slot of Db orthodontics brackets while largest mean height of 0.0258+.0015 " were present in mesial slot of Mesal brackets. Maximum slot height of 0.028 " was noted in Precise and Sia brackets. Increase tolerance in brackets were noted in the range of 5.9 to 17.2%. A p value < 0.05 was found in all the slot heights under study showing significant difference from acceptable tolerance.All the bracket series have significant oversized slot height on both mesial and distal aspect. Eu-ropean orthodontic brackets were closer to standards than brackets manufactured in USA

Prevalence and patterns of impacted maxillary canines: a cbct based retrospective study

Maxillary canines are considered as the cornerstone of the mouth. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and unfold various patterns present in maxillary canine impactions using cone beam computed tomography [CBCT].Digital records of 3469 patient were collected from two different radiological units. Sorting of CBCT data was done for identification of maxillary impacted canine's cases. Data were analyzed statistically, and descriptive statics were generated for age, gender, quadrant, and position of impacted canines. Chi-square test was used to check the difference in the distribution of impacted canines regarding gender, quadrant and position of impacted teeth. A p-value of <0.05 was taken as significant.One hundred and eighty-seven patients were identified with impacted maxillary canines making a prevalence of 5%, with a mean age of 17.9 +2.65 years. 117 impacted canine cases were located in females while 70 impacted canine cases were in males. Female to male ratio was1.67:1. Statistically, a significant difference was noted between genders [p-value =0.00]. No difference was noted between genders regarding quadrant and position of impacted canines.Higher prevalence of impacted canine was noted in females, while left side predominance was found in both genders. Palatal impactions were most common while a higher prevalence of buccal impaction, than previously reported was noted in the present study