Study to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance pattern of various strains against commonly prescribed antibiotics

The main objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and resistance of various bacterial strains both gram negative and gram positive against commonly used antibiotics. Experimental / Retrospective study. This study was conducted in Hayatabad Medical Complex at Microbiology Laboratory for a period of six month studies from 6.8.2013 to 10.02.2014. The study was conducted in which both in-door and out-door patients were randomly selected for this specified period of time. Bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Proteus Mirabilis against commonly prescribed antibiotics i.e; Ceftraixone, Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Cefepime and to find out the sensitivity and resistance pattern. Among the selected antibiotics Ceftraixone was found to be sensitive in 84.6% of out-door patients and 75% of in-patient against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, 71.4% of out-door patients and 68.4% of in-patients against Escherichia Coli, 52% of out-door patients and 60% in-patient against Staphylococcus Aureus and least sensitive against Proteus Mirabilis 25% out-patients and 16.7% in-patients. Amoxicillin was 40%, 6.6% and 0% sensitive in in-patients and 16%, 17.1%, 0.7% and 0% in out-patients against Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Proteus Mirabilis respectively. Amikacin was 44%, 35%, 33.3% and 0% sensitive in in-patients and 36%, 37.2%, 32% and 0% in out-patients against Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Proteus Mirabilis respectively. Cefepime was most sensitive against Proteus Mirabilis 25% in out-door patients and 16.7% in in-door patients while least sensitive against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa both in out-door and in-door patients. It is concluded from the results obtained that Ceftraixone, Amoxicillin and Amikacin were more than 60% sensitive against the selected strains of bacteria except Proteus Mirabilis while Cefepime is least sensitive i.e; less than 25% against all these antibacterial strains. These results should be considered in future prescribing of antibiotics against these bacterial strains to avoid resistance and to prescribe appropriate treatment for the patients

Blood count in malaria

To evaluate the blood counts in malaria. Computer bases retrospective study. Fazal Rahim Clinical Laboratory Tirmergara Dir North West Frontier province of Pakistan 1[st] September 2006, to 31[st] October 2006. Ninety six patients were included in this study, who were smear positive for malaria and blood counts were performed simultaneously. Detailed information regarding name, age sex, address, Hb, WBC count, ABC count, haematocrit [HCT], Reticulocytes count, different leucocyte count [DLC] and Platelets count carried out. There were 949 total requests for Malarial Parasites examination, out of which 236 were positive, 130 Plasmodium Vivax [PV]; 102 Plasmodium Falciparum [P.F]., and 04 mixed infections. The data of 96 patients, having performed full blood count [FBC] is presented. The haemoglobulin ranged 2 - 15 +/- 8.2 g/dl, WBC count 1.3-18 +/- 5.8 x 10[9] /l, RBC count 1-5.8 +/- 3.3 x 10[12] /l, Platelets count 20-350 x 10[9] /l, Absolute Retic Counts 5-300 +/- 55x 10[9] /l. Malaria is usually associated with various degrees of reduced blood counts. Though anaemia is hemolytic in nature, the haemopoietic response is blunted as indicated by disproportionate reticulocytes counts, reduced platelets and WBC counts

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficency in neonates presenting with Jaundice

To determine the frequency of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency in infants presenting with jaundice. This retrospective study was conducted in Fazal Rahim Clinical Laboratory Timergara District Dir North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2004 on 120 neonates. Data regarding sex and age, serum bilirubin total, serum bilirubin direct and G6PD status was extracted using database software designed by the principal author. The inclusion criterion was neonates with high serum bilirubin and G6PD test performed simultaneously. The exclusion criterion was premature babies and incomplete request forms. Microsoft Excel 2000 was used for data analysis Out of 120 patients, 97 [80.8%] were male and 23 [19.2%] were female ranging in age from 3 - 10 days with mean 6.5 days and median 5 days. Thirty two [26.6%] neonates were found G6PD deficient. Among patients with normal G6PD level male to female ratio was 3.63:1. In G6PD deficient patients male to female ratio was 7:1. The serum bilirubin of the G6PD normal patients was 12.8 + 5.0 mg/dl and that of G6PD deficient patients was 13.5 + 6.8 mg/dl. G6PD deficiency is quite high in neonates presenting with jaundice. The diagnosis is simple and if left undetected may cause serious consequences in situations of oxidant stress

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction at agency headquarter hospital Batkhela NWFP

To find out the frequency of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction [CNLDO] and the of its management. Material and A prospective study of 160 consecutive patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, conducted from January 1999 to December 1999 at the Department of Ophthalmology Agency Head Quarter Hospital Batkhela, NWFP. Only patients below the age of twelve months were included the study. Diagnosis was made by history of epiphora beginning early in life with obstruction clinically confirmed on examination. Antibiotic drops and massage of the lacrimal sac was advised. Probing was carried out for the nonresolving cases at the age of one year. A total of 160 patients CNLDO were included in the study. Seventy Two [45%] of these infants presented within the first two months of life. Out of these 160 patients 18 patients were lost to followup. Out of remaining 142, 132[93%] of the patients resolved spontaneously with conservative treatment using topical antibiotics within one year. Only 10 [7%] of the patients required probing. Parents of CNLDO patients should be counseled about the disease and advised them to wait for spontaneous improvement. Probing for unresponsive cases is recommended

outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a village of district Dir, N.W.F.P.

To study the frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis at a village inundated by s and fly.A leishmaniasis diagnosis camp was arranged at village Wattangi, district Dir. All patients with suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis having active lesion were recruited in the study. Data of the patients e.g. name, age, sex and site of lesions were entered into a register. Smears were prepared from the sides of the lesions with sterile lancets, fixed with absolute alcohol, stained with Geimsa stain and examined under microscope. Out of 40 examined patients, 37 were positive for Leishmania Tropica [L.T.] bodies. The most common site involved was face and the most common age group affected was less than 10 years. The frequency of cutoneous leishmaniasis is quite high at Watangi village of distt. Dir, due to infestation by s and flies, lack of medical education and low socio economic status in the area