ABSTRACT
Poultry is a main reservoir and source of human infection in campylobacteriosis. Three hundred and forty one stool samples (291 human, 50 avian) were analyzed. In the human group, 220 samples were collected from children with acute diarrheal disease (183 inpatients, 37 outpatients) and 71 from healthy children. Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin agar dilution MIC tests, Penner serotyping and RAPD-PCR genotyping were performed on 23 strains isolated. C. jejuni was reported only in patients with acute diarrhea (5.4 percent inpatients, 2.2 percent outpatients). Campylobacter prevalence in poultry was 34 percent. Cross-resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was found in 33.3 percent of human samples and 11.8 percent of animal samples. Human samples could not be typed using the Penner method. F serotype was the most expressed in poultry. We obtained a total of 14 genotypes (4 / 5 human and 10/15 avian). In conclusion, the predominant species in poultry and humans was C. jejuni, a significant amount of quinolone-resistant human and avian samples were obtained, and avian genotypes and serotypes were not found in human samples. The latter would mean that another source of infection could exist; therefore other reservoirs must be studied.
Las aves de consumo constituyen uno de los principales reservorios y fuente de infección humana de la campilo-bacteriosis. Se analizaron 341 muestras de deposiciones, 291 humanas y 50 aviares. De las muestras, 220 de niños con síndrome diarreico agudo-SDA (183 hospitalizados y 37 consultantes ambulatorios) y 71 niños sanos. A las 23 cepas obtenidas se les realizó CIM por dilución en agar a eritromicina y ciprofloxacina, serotipificación de Penner y genotipiicación por RAPD-PCR. Se encontró Campylobacterjejuni sólo en pacientes con SDA, de ellos 5,4 por ciento ambulatorios y 2,2 por ciento hospitalizados. En aves, la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp., fue de 34 por ciento. Hubo resistencia cruzada a ácido nalidixico y ciprofloxacina en 33,3 por ciento cepas de origen humano y 11,8 por ciento animal. Las cepas humanas fueron no tipiicables por el método de Penner. Predominó entre las aves el serotipo F. Se obtuvo un total de 14 genotipos (4/5 humanos y 10/15 aviares). En conclusión, la especie predominante en aves de corral y en humanos fue C. jejuni, existiendo una alta prevalencia de cepas de origen humano y aviar resistentes a quinolonas. Los genotipos y serotipos aviares no fueron encontrados en cepas de origen humano, lo que indica que podría existir otra fuente de infección, por lo que se requiere estudiar otros reservorios.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Campylobacter coli/drug effects , Campylobacter jejuni/drug effects , Feces/microbiology , Poultry/microbiology , Acute Disease , Campylobacter coli/genetics , Campylobacter coli/isolation & purification , Campylobacter jejuni/genetics , Campylobacter jejuni/isolation & purification , Diarrhea/microbiology , Genotype , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA TechniqueABSTRACT
Campylobacter jejuni is a common agent of enterocolitis in humans. Campy lobacteriosis has been recognized as a zoonotic disease whose reservoir is the intestinal flora of poultry. The reposition of fluid and electrolytes is the recommended treatment, and antimicrobials are required only in severe and/or in prolonged disease. Given the emergence of resistance to drugs commonly used in the treatment of acute diarrhea, we studied the antimicrobial susceptibility of 73 strains oí Campylobacter jejuni isolated from stool culture. The antimicrobials tested were: erythromycin, azithromycin, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Of the 73 strains tested by E-test, 32.4 percent were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 6.4 percent were resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin was not detected. The surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni is important in the evaluation of empirically used antimicrobials in the treatment of bacterial enterocolitis.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Campylobacter jejuni/drug effects , Feces/microbiology , Chile , Campylobacter Infections/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
La susceptibilidad in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus adquirido, tanto en el ambiente hospitalario como en la comunidad, debe ser monitorizada periódicamente por su continua evolución. Objetivos: Conocer la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de cepas de S. aureus aisladas en Valdivia, determinar la prevalencia de cepas resistentes a meticilina y sus respectivos patrones de resistencia, analizar la evolución de esta susceptibilidad a través de los años. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron 278 cepas de S. aureus: 136 obtenidas de pacientes hospitalizados, 50 de pacientes ambulatorios y 92 de portadores. Los antimicrobianos ensayados fueron: penicilina, oxacilina, vancomicina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina, lincomicina y eritromicina.
In vitro susceptibility of nosocomial and community acquired strains of Staphylococcus aureus must be periodically evaluated because of its continuous evolution. Aim: To know the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolated in Valdivia, to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistance and global patterns of resistance and to compare the evolution of the susceptibility along the years. Material and Methods: A total of 278 S. aureus strains were evaluated: 136 obtained from hospitalized patients, 50 belonged to outpatients and 92 to healthy carriers. Antimicrobial agents tested were: penicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Results: Thirty three, 28 and 1.1 percent of strains isolated from hospitalized, outpatients and carriers, respectively, were methicillin-resistant. Six resistance patterns were found. No vancomycin resistant strain was isolated. Comment: It is worrisome that 2 percent of S. aureus strains obtained from hospitalized patients showed intermediate resistance to vancomycin.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Carrier State , Chile/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prevalence , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are an important cause of nosocomial infections. Aim: To determine the genotypes of MRSA strains. Material and methods: Fifty five strains of MRSA, isolated from patients hospitalized in Hospital Base Valdivia, were studied. The phenotype was determined through MicroScan® in all strains and by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 41. The genotype of the strains was analyzed by a duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the mecA gene, amplifying eight hypervariable DNA regions associated to such gene. Results: According to MIC, 88 percent of strains had a pattern of resistance against multiple antimicrobial (penicillin, ampicillin, cephradine, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, íincomycin and erythromycin). Vancomicin resistan strains were not detected. Only 53 strains (96 percent) had at least one of the eight hypervariable regions and were classified as MRSA. Genotypic patterns types 15 were the most commonly detected in 38 percent and 34 percent of strains, respectively. MicroScan® erroneously classified five strains in an incorrect phenotype, according to results obtained with duplex PCR. MIC results did not differ from those of duplex PCR. Conclusions: Duplex- PCR is a useful tool to detect hyper variable regions associated to mecA gene.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Genotype , Methicillin Resistance/genetics , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Phenotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsABSTRACT
Background: Small intestine alterations produced by the enterotoxigenic capacity of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni are similar to the hydric, electrolytic and pathological changes caused by choleraic and thermolabile Escherichia coli toxins. Aim: To study the enterotoxigenic capacity of 4 strains of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni using the intestinal loop model. Material and methods: Rat intestinal loops were inoculated with culture filtrates of the four strains. Enterotoxigenicity was assessed by fluid accumulation, the increase in Na+ and Cl- in the loop fluid, and cAMP increases in loop tissues. An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil strain and sterile Brucella both were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results: The filtrates of two strains produced fluid accumulation in the loops, significantly increased Na+ and Cl - secretion to the intestinal lumen and increased tissue cAMP levels. Conclusions: Some strains of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni are able to show enterotoxigenicity in vivo, increasing cAMP levels in the intestinal cells and altering electrolyte exchange mechanisms
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Campylobacter jejuni/pathogenicity , Enterotoxins/toxicity , Rats, Wistar/microbiology , Cyclic AMP/analysisABSTRACT
The participation of the flagella of a virulent strain (O52) of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni in the adhesion to HEp-2 cells and their inhibition by means of homologous polyclonal antibodies, moniclonal antiflagella antibodies and colostral natural antibodies (IgA) was studied. An aflagellated strain (T1) was used as negative control. Adhesion was observed in higher rates with O52 strain (72 percent) than with T1 strain (27,5 percent). Polyclonal, monoclonal and colostral antibodies inhibited O52 strain adhesion in more than 70 percent (p<0,001). T1 strain adhesion was inhibited only by polyclonal and colostral natural antibodies. Our results suggest that the flagella of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni could participate effectively in the adhesion process. However, the inhibition of T1 strain by polyclonal and colostral antibodies suggest the existence of other kinds of adhesins in the bacterial surface
Subject(s)
Campylobacter jejuni/immunology , Flagella/immunology , In Vitro Techniques , Bacterial Adhesion/immunology , Colostrum/immunology , Flagellin/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunologyABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori, un bacilo gram negativo curvoespiralado o helicoidal, fue aislado a comienzos de la década de los 80 del epitelio gástrico de pacientes portadores de gastritis y úlcera gástrica o duodenal, postulándose la existencia de una relación etiopatogénica entre la presencia de la bacteria y el desarrollo de estos cuadros clínicos. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de los aspectos básicos, tanto clínicos como bacteriológicos y experimentales, involucrados en la infección por H. pylori
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastritis/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity , Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology , Stomach Ulcer/microbiology , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purificationSubject(s)
Animals , Campylobacter fetus/isolation & purification , Sheep/embryology , Cephalothin , HydrolysisABSTRACT
En 10 pacientes con quemaduras de tercer grado de 19ñ4,5 por ciento de superficie corporal comprometida, se tomaron biopsias de la herida el día 5§, 12§ y 18§ para comparar prospectivamente el rendimiento individual de la biopsia contemporánea por congelación, biopsia diferida por inclusión y el recuento de colonias por gramo de tejido, de los pacientes con infección invasora y potencial desarrollo de sepsis secundaria. En 6 casos se produjo infección invasora clínica. De ellos, 2 pacientes presentaron sépsis. En 4 pacientes no se identificó infección invasora. No hubo mortalidad. En los pacientes con infección invasora, 15/18 muestras evidenciaron gérmenes en tejido vital en la biopsia contemporánea. En la biopsia diferida, 16/18 y 14/18 muestras mostraron gérmenes e inflamación, lo que es comparable para ambos métodos. En el grupo sin infección invasora, 2/12 muestras señalaron gérmenes con ambas técnicas. El recuento de coloniaspor gramo fue 10 5 en 14/18 muestras en el grupo con infección invasora y 10 3 en 8/12 muestras en el segundo grupo, diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Se concluye que en una experiencia inicial, los métodos biópticos y microbiológicos cuantitativos han sido efectivos para diagnosticar precozmente la infección invasora de la herida con una predicción de 78 y 83 por ciento respectivamente, lo que permitirá ajustar oportunamente el tratamiento local y sistémico en futuros casos de alto riesgo y evitar la sepsis. Se destaca la ventaja en la rapidez de información que ofrece la biopsia contemporánea por congelación