A communicating branch between the dorsal and superficial ramus of the ulnar nerve (Kaplan's anastomosis): clinical and surgery discussion / Ramo comunicante entre los ramos dorsal y superficial del nervio ulnar (anastomosis de Kaplan): discusión clínica y quirúrgica

The Kaplan´s anastomosis represents the communication between the dorsal and superficial branch of the ulnar nerve distal to ulnar canal. In the present study, a case about this nerve communication, found in a male adult cadaver, is reported. Information about brachial plexus distal anastomosis is fundamental for interpretation of clinical and electrophysiological findings, in order to establish the precise diagnosis of neurological lesions at this level. Its relations with flexor carpi ulnaris muscle's tendon and with pisiform bone exposes it to iatrogenic lesions during surgery.

La anastomosis de Kaplan representa la comunicación entre la rama dorsal y superficial del nervio ulnar distal al canal ulnar. En el presente estudio se informa de un caso de esta comunicación nerviosa, encontrado en un cadáver adulto de sexo masculino. Información sobre el plexo braquial y sus anastomosis distales son fundamentales para la interpretación de los hallazgos clínicos y electrofisiológicos, a fin de establecer el diagnóstico preciso de las lesiones neurológicas a este nivel. Sus relaciones con el tendón del músculo flexor ulnar del carpo, como con el hueso pisiforme, pueden facilitar la ocurrencia de lesiones iatrogénicas durante la cirugía.

Output relations of humeral circumflex arteries and its variations / Relaciones de las arterias circunflejas humerales y sus variaciones

A large range of variability marks the branching pattern of the axillary artery. The knowledge of the anatomical variations and this pattern is essential to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including surgery, of the axillary region. The aim of this study was to observe the different possible origins of circumflex humeral arteries and to measure the length and diameter of each vessel. In our study, 24 armpits from adult cadavers (fixed in tamponed formalin 10%) were dissected. The data were analyzed with a digital caliper and the results expressed as Mean ± SD. In majority of specimens, posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) arose from subscapular artery (SSA) (54.16%) and had an average diameter of 3.92±0.41 mm. The anterior circumflex humeral artery was a branch from axillary artery (AA) in the majority of the specimens (62.5%) with an average diameter of 1.83±0.68 mm. Circumflex humeral arteries can arise from SSA, deep brachial artery and AA. The result of this study is an interesting data for origin, length and diameter of these vessels, contributing to the knowledge of these variations occurrence.

Una amplia gama de variabilidad marca el patrón de ramificación de la arteria axilar. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas de este patrón es esencial para enfoques de diagnóstico y terapéuticos, incluyendo la cirugía de la región axilar. El objetivo fue observar los diferentes orígenes posibles de arterias circunflejas humerales y medir la longitud y el diámetro de cada vaso. En el estudio se disecaron 24 axilas de cadáveres adultos (fijados en formalina tamponada al 10%). Los datos se analizaron con un calibrador digital y los resultados se expresaron como Media ± DS. En la mayoría de los especímenes, la arteria circunfleja humeral posterior surgió de la arteria subescapular (ASE) (54,16%) con un diámetro medio de 0,41±3,92 mm. En la mayoría de los especímenes (62,5%), la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior era una rama de la arteria axilar (AA) con un diámetro medio de 0,68±1,83 mm. Las arterias circunflejas humerales pueden surgir de la ASE, de la arteria braquial profunda y AA. El resultado de este estudio es un dato interesante para el origen, la longitud y el diámetro de los vasos, lo que contribuye al conocimiento de la ocurrencia de estas variaciones.

Efeito do extrato aquoso e etanólico do angico preto sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / The effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from the angico Preto about larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus representa um grande problema na bovinocultura e o uso de acaricidas é a medida de controle profilático e terapêutico mais comum contra esses ectoparasitos. Os principais problemas relacionados com essa prática dizem respeito ao desenvolvimento de linhagens resistentes de carrapatos. Assim, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de extratos da casca de Anadenanthera macrocarpa sobre as larvas de R. (B.) microplus, obtidas de um pool de ovos, acondicionadas em tubo de polietileno. De acordo com os resultados, o extrato aquoso na concentração de 8,26mg.mL-1 causou 85% de mortalidade nas primeiras 12 horas. Quanto ao extrato etanólico, observou-se maior mortalidade nas concentrações 12,5; 6,25 e 1,56mg.mL-1, em torno de 84%, percentuais semelhantes ao amitraz. Os controles negativos não apresentaram mortalidade durante o experimento. Assim, tanto o extrato aquoso como o extrato etanólico apresentaram efeito larvicida, embora o extrato etanólico tenha sido mais eficiente para a espécie, podendo ser uma alternativa no controle desse ectoparasito.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus represents a major problem in cattle breeding and the use of acaricides is the most common prophylactic and therapeutic control measure against these ectoparasites. The main problems with this practice relate to the development of resistant strains of ticks. Thus, the objective was to determine the effect of bark extracts from Anadenanthera macrocarpa on the larvae of R.(B.) microplus, obtained from a pool of eggs packed in a polyethylene tube. According to the results, the aqueous extract at a concentration of 8.26mg.mL-1caused 85% mortality in the first 12 hours. As for the ethanolic extract, higher mortality of about 84%, a percentage similar to amitraz, was observed at concentrations of 12.5mg.mL-1, 6.25mg.mL-1 and 1.56mg.mL-1. The negative controls showed no mortality during the experiment. Thus, both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed larvicidal activity, although the ethanolic extract has been more efficient and could be an alternative to control this ectoparasite.

Efeito anti-helmíntico dos extratos aquosos e etanólicos da Annona squamosa L. (fruta-do-conde) sobre o nematóide Ascaridia galli / Anthelmintic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Annona squamosa L. (sweetsop) on the nematode Ascaridia galli

As plantas são fontes importantes de produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Dentre as plantas usadas na medicina popular a Anonna squamosa conhecida como fruta-do-conde é citada como tendo várias ações medicinais, dentre elas a atividade inseticida e anti-helmíntica. Dentro desta perspectiva, objetivou-se determinar a atividade anti-helmíntica dos extratos aquosos (EA) e etanólicos (EE) das folhas da fruta-do-conde sobre o nematóide de aves Ascaridia galli, in vitro e in vivo. No primeiro, os nematóides foram colocados em placa de Petri contendo diferentes concentrações dos extratos e no segundo foram utilizadas seis galinhas poedeiras por grupo, as quais foram administrados10 mL Kg-1 dos extratos. No teste in vitro o EA da A. squamosa nas concentrações 2,4 e 9,6 mg mL-1 foi capaz de matar 63,33 por cento e 53,33 por cento dos nematóides, respectivamente. O EE não produziu efeito significativo. No teste in vivo, o percentual de eliminação do EA foi de 39 por cento e do EE de 20 por cento. Estes dados sugerem que neste caso a substância responsável pela mortalidade dos parasitos esteja em maior concentração na fração aquosa. Desta maneira, acredita-se que o EA de A. squamosa apresenta uma atividade anti-helmíntica potencial sobre o A. galli.

Plants are important sources of biologically active natural products. Among the plants used in popular medicine, Annona squamosa, known as sweetsop, is reported to have several medicinal actions such as insecticidal and anthelmintic activity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts from sweetsop leaves on the chicken roundworm Ascaridia galli, both in vitro and in vivo. In the former, nematodes were placed on a Petri plate containing different concentrations of the extracts; in the in vivo test, six egg-laying chickens per group received 10 mL Kg-1 of the extracts. In vitro results indicated that A. squamosa AE at the concentrations 2.4 and 9.6 mg mL-1 could kill 63.33 percent and 53.33 percent nematodes, respectively. However, EE did not have any significant effect. According to the in vivo test, the elimination percentage for AE was 39 percent and for EE, 20 percent. These data suggest that the substance responsible for parasite mortality was present at a higher concentration in the aqueous fraction. Thus, A. squamosa AE is believed to have a potential anthelmintic activity on A. galli.

High Incidence of Complete Ossification of the Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament in Brazilians and its Clinical Implications / Alta Incidencia de Osificación Completa del Ligamento Escapular Transverso Superior en Brasileños y sus Implicancias Clínicas

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of the ossified superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) on dry bones of scapulae. 221 dry bones were analyzed, (111 rights and 110 lefts), proceeding from Rio de Janeiro and of Santa Catarina, Brazil. As exclusion criterion, were not analyzed bones of children or damaged. For the quantitative analysis of the data, the software Graphad Instat was used. Fisher exact test was used considering the p ≤ 0,05 as significant. After analysis of the scapulae, 30,76% (68/ 221) presented the ossified STSL (p ≤ 0,0001) of which, 52,94% (36/68) were ossified on the right side and 47,05% (32/68) on the left one. The 153 scapulae that did not present the ossified STSL, it was observed in 19,6 % (30/153) of these bones, the superior edge varying in the transverse plan, increasing superior angulation and, modified the width and depth of the scapular incisure. This anatomical curiosity should be kept in mind by clinicians that approaches painful syndrome of the shoulder, as well as, this anatomical curiosity should be kept in mind by students that may manipulate this anatomical area.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la prevalencia del ligamento escapular transverso superior (LETS) osificado, en huesos secos. 221 escápulas secas (111 derechas y 110 izquierdas) fueron analizadas procedentes de Río de Janeiro y de Santa Catarina, Brasil. No fueron analizados huesos de niños o dañados. El tratamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado con el software Graphpad Instat, siendo seleccionado el test Fisher, con un p ≤ 0.05 como significativo. El 30.76% (68/221) de las escápulas presentaron el LETS osificado (p ≤ 0,0001) de ellos, el 52.94% (36/68) correspondían a escáulas derechas y 47.05% (32/68) a escápulas izquierdas. Las 153 escápulas que no presentaron el LETS osificado, se observó en el 19.6% (30/153) de estos huesos. El margen superior que variaba en el plano transversal, incrementaba la angulación superior y modificaba así el ancho y la profundidad de la incisura escapular. Esta variación anatómica la deben tener presente los clínicos debido al síndrome doloroso del hombro, como también, los estudiantes que manipulan esta área anatómica.

Relative frequency, clinical, neuroimaging, and postsurgical features of pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy

We describe the relative frequency, clinical features, neuroimaging and pathological results, and outcome after pharmacological or surgical intervention for a series of pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) from an epilepsy center in Brazil. The medical records of children younger than 12 years with features strongly suggestive of TLE were reviewed from January 1999 to June 1999. Selected children were evaluated regarding clinical, EEG, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation and divided into three groups according to MRI: group 1 (G1, N = 9), patients with hippocampal atrophy; group 2 (G2, N = 10), patients with normal MRI, and group 3 (G3, N = 12), patients with other specific temporal lesions. A review of 1732 records of children with epilepsy revealed 31 cases with TLE (relative frequency of 1.79 percent). However, when the investigation was narrowed to cases with intractable seizures that needed video-EEG monitoring (N = 68) or epilepsy surgery (N = 32), the relative frequency of TLE increased to 19.11 (13/68) and 31.25 percent (10/32), respectively. At the beginning of the study, 25 of 31 patients had a high seizure frequency (80.6 percent), which declined to 11 of 31 (35.5 percent) at the conclusion of the study, as a consequence of pharmacological and/or surgical therapy. This improvement in seizure control was significant in G1 (P < 0.05) and G3 (P < 0.01) mainly due to good postsurgical outcome, and was not significant in G2 (P > 0.1, McNemar's test). These results indicate that the relative frequency of TLE in children was low, but increased considerably among cases with pharmacoresistant seizures. Patients with specific lesions were likely to undergo surgery, with good postoperative outcomes.

Atividade anti-helmíntica de plantas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com Ascaridia galli / Anthelminthic activity of plants in broiler chickens naturally infected with Ascaridia galli

The anthelminthic activity of four plants - Allium sativum (garlic), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Tynnanthus labiatus (liana-carnation) and Cocus nucifera (coconut) with the activity of mebendazole was compared. Seventy Hubbard chickens, naturally infected with Ascarídia galli, divided in 5 groups of 10 chichens plus a control group (not treated, n=20) were used in the experiment. The vegetable matter was used in the forms of aqueous extract, juice and triturated, administered by probe or incorporated to the diet, in the doses of 2, 3 and 10glkg/day, for three days. A non parametric test was used to evaluate the anthelminthic effect of the plants. The eliminations of A galli for the garlic, pomegranate, lianacarnation, coconut and mebendazole were: 9.7; 6.6, 16.7; 19. 0 and 99. 0, respectively. The results showed that those plants do not have anthelminthic activity.

Triple Right Renal Vein: An Uncommon Variation / Vena Renal Derecha Triple: Una Variación Rara

We report an unilateral three renal veins the right kidney in an elderly male cadaver. They were three calibrous veins having independent courses up to the inferior vena cava. No other vascular anomalies were noted in this specimen. This anatomical curiosity should be kept in mind by clinicians and academics that may manipulate this anatomical area.

Presentamos una variación anatómica consistente en tres venas renales unilaterales presentes en el riñón derecho de un cadáver de un individuo adulto de sexo masculino. Las tres venas eran de calibre considerable, las cuales tenían cursos independientes hasta la vena cava inferior. No se observó ninguna otra variación vascular en este individuo. Tanto los clínicos como los académicos deben tener presente esta variación anatómica cuando se acceda a esta área anatómica.

A Rare Variation of the Retro-Aortic Left Renal Vein with Anastomotic Afluent from Inferior Mesenteric Vein / Una Variación Rara de la Vena Renal Izquierda Retro-Aórtica con un Afluente Anastomótico de la Vena Mesentérica Inferior

We report an uncommon anatomical variations of the left renal vein was found on dissected specimen in an elderly male cadaver: a retroaortic left renal vein. No other vascular anomalies were noted in this specimen. The anomaly result may be related to a particular pattern of left inferior vena cava. The abnormality have to be known for it may be undetected or be misleading in imaging. This anatomical curiosity should be kept in mind by clinicians and academics that may manipulate this anatomical area.

Relatamos una variación anatómica infrecuente de la vena renal izquierda, denominada vena renal retroaórtica, encontrada en un cadáver masculino disecado. No se observaron otras variaciones vasculares. Lavariación anatómica encontrada se puede relacionar con un patrón particular de la vena cava inferior izquierda. La variación debe ser conocida ya que puede pasar inadvertida o ser confundida en proyecciones de imágenes de la región. Los clínicos y académicos que actúen en la región, deben considerar esta eventual variación anatómica.

Use of plasmid profiles to differentiate strains withi9n specific serotypes of classical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

The usefulness of plasmid profile analysis to differentiate strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was evaluated by studying 123 strains of the most prevalent serotypes causing infant diarrhea in the city of Säo Paulo, Brazil, i. e.,0111ab:H-, 0111ab:H2 and 0119:H6. No common profiles were found among strains of distinct serotypes. However, within each serotype, most of the strains were grouped within a few major profiles. More than 68% of the strainsof serotypes 0111ab:H- and 0111ab:H2 were included in 6 and 9 major profiles, respectively. In 0119:H6, abouth 48% of the strainswere included in 3 major profiles. This analysis suggewsts that only a few EPEC clones are causing infant diarrhea in Säo Paulo and revealed that the distribution of serotypes 0111 ab:H- and 0111ab:H2 during the one-year study was at least partly determined by small outbreaks of the most common profiles. We conclude that plasmid profile analysis is very useful to differentiate strasins within specific EPEC serotypes

Hiperglicinemia näo cetótica: estudo de um caso / Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: study of a case

A hiperglicinemia näo cetótica é erro inato do metabolismo que se manifesta por crises epilépticas de difícil controle desde os primeiros dias de vida, em recém-nascido hipotônico. A falta da enzima que catalisa a conversäo de glicina em ácido hidroximetiltetra-hidrofólico, dióxido de carbono e amônia, no fígado e no cérebro, resulta em aumento da concentraçäo de glicina no sangue. Neste estudo é relatado caso de hiperglicinemia diagnosticado no período neonatal e caracterizado por hipotonia e múltiplas convulsöes näo controláveis. Os achados clínicos e eletrencefalográficos, aspectos do tratamento e do estudo anátomo-patológico säo comentados